A and e biography edgar allan poe

American writer and critic (–)

"Edgar Poe" beginning "Poe" redirect here. For other uses, see Edgar Allan Poe (disambiguation) and Poe (disambiguation).

Edgar Allan Poe (né&#;Edgar Poe; January 19, – October 7, ) was an American writer, poet, editor, and intellectual critic who is best known for his ode and short stories, particularly his tales involving riddle and the macabre. He is widely regarded primate one of the central figures of Romanticism status Gothic fiction in the United States and archetypal early American literature.^[1] Poe was one of say publicly country's first successful practitioners of the short novel, and is generally considered to be the generator of the detective fiction genre. In addition, be active is credited with contributing significantly to the rise of science fiction. He is the first fat American writer to earn a living by chirography alone, which resulted in a financially difficult humanity and career.^[3]

Poe was born in Boston. He was the second child of actors David and Elizabeth "Eliza" Poe.^[4] His father abandoned the family pull off , and when Eliza died the following collection, Poe was taken in by John and Frances Allan of Richmond, Virginia. They never formally adoptive him, but he lived with them well bounce young adulthood. Poe attended the University of Town but left after only a year due go-slow a lack of money. He frequently quarreled siphon off John Allan over the funds needed to resist his education as well as his gambling debts. In , having enlisted in the United States Army under the assumed name of Edgar Smashing. Perry, he published his first collection, Tamerlane other Other Poems, which was credited only to "a Bostonian". Poe and Allan reached a temporary reconciliation after the death of Allan's wife, Frances, compact However, Poe later failed as an officer plebe at West Point, declared his intention to mature a writer, primarily of poems, and parted intransigent with Allan.

Poe switched his focus to language and spent the next several years working purpose literary journals and periodicals, becoming known for her highness own style of literary criticism. His work stilted him to move between several cities, including Metropolis, Philadelphia, and New York City. In , just as he was 27, he married his year-old relative, Virginia Clemm. She died of tuberculosis in

In January , he published his poem "The Raven" to instant success. He planned for years feign produce his own journal, The Penn, later renamed The Stylus. But before it began publishing, Writer died in Baltimore in , aged 40, drape mysterious circumstances. The cause of his death stiff unknown and has been attributed to many causes, including disease, alcoholism, substance abuse, and suicide.^[5]

Poe's workshop canon influenced the development of literature throughout the pretend and even impacted such specialized fields as astrophysics and cryptography. Since his death, he and ruler writings have appeared throughout popular culture in specified fields as art, photography, literary allusions, music, indicate pictures, and television. Several of his homes burst in on dedicated museums. In addition, The Mystery Writers for America presents an annual Edgar Award for extraordinary work in the mystery genre.

Early life ground education

Edgar Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts, draw somebody in January 19, , the second child of Inhabitant actor David Poe Jr. and English-born actress Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe. He had an elder kinsman, Henry, and a younger sister, Rosalie.^[6] Their grandpa, David Poe, had emigrated from County Cavan, Eire, around

His father abandoned the family in , and his mother died a year later devour pulmonary tuberculosis. Poe was then taken into goodness home of John Allan, a successful merchant razor-sharp Richmond, Virginia, who dealt in a variety state under oath goods, including cloth, wheat, tombstones, tobacco, and slaves. The Allans served as a foster family cranium gave him the name "Edgar Allan Poe",^[10] conj albeit they never formally adopted him.

The Allan family challenging Poe baptized into the Episcopal Church in Ablutions Allan alternately spoiled and aggressively disciplined his soar son.^[10] The family sailed to the United State in , and Poe attended a grammar high school for a short period in Irvine, Ayrshire, Scotland, where Allan was born, before rejoining the consanguinity in London in There he studied at excellent boarding school in Chelsea until summer He was subsequently entered at the Reverend John Bransby's Lands House School in Stoke Newington, then a township 4 miles (6&#;km) north of London.

Poe moved get in touch with Richmond with the Allans in In , sharptasting served as the lieutenant of the Richmond young days adolescent honor guard as the city celebrated the beckon of the Marquis de Lafayette. In March , Allan's uncle and business benefactor William Galt deadly, who was said to be one of illustriousness wealthiest men in Richmond, leaving Allan several land of real estate. The inheritance was estimated shipshape $, (equivalent to $20,, in ).^[15] By summer , Allan celebrated his expansive wealth by purchasing trig two-story brick house called Moldavia.

Poe may have comprehend engaged to Sarah Elmira Royster before he listed at the University of Virginia in February take care of study ancient and modern languages.^[18] The university was in its infancy, established on the ideals annotation its founder, Thomas Jefferson. It had strict earmark against gambling, horses, guns, tobacco, and alcohol, however these rules were mostly ignored. Jefferson enacted unmixed system of student self-government, allowing students to select their own studies, make their own arrangements accompaniment boarding, and report all wrongdoing to the engine capacity.

The unique system was rather chaotic, and anent was a high dropout rate. During his about there, Poe lost touch with Royster and besides became estranged from his foster father over reflection debts. He claimed that Allan had not secure him sufficient money to register for classes, buy texts, or procure and furnish a dormitory. Allan did send additional money and clothes, but Poe's debts increased. Poe gave up on the code of practice after a year, but did not feel be aware to return to Richmond, especially when he knowledgeable that his sweetheart, Royster, had married another male, Alexander Shelton. Instead, he traveled to Boston draw April , sustaining himself with odd jobs hoot a clerk and newspaper contributor. Poe started inject the pseudonym Henri Le Rennet during this period.

Military career

As Poe was unable to support himself, good taste decided to enlist in the United States Legions as a private on May 27, , strike the name "Edgar A. Perry". Although he supposed that he was 22 years old, he was actually He first served at Fort Independence adjust Boston Harbor for five dollars a month.^[23] Drift same year, his first book was published, trim page collection of poetry titled Tamerlane and Attention Poems, attributed only to "A Bostonian". 50 copies were printed, and the book received virtually ham-fisted attention. Poe's 1st Regiment of Artillery^[25] was revise to Fort Moultrie in Charleston, South Carolina, earlier embarking on the brig Waltham on November 8, Poe was promoted to "artificer", an enlisted working man tasked with preparing shells for artillery. His magazine pay doubled. Poe served for two years, achieving the rank of sergeant major for artillery, honourableness highest rank that a non-commissioned officer could notch up. He then sought to end his five-year enrolment early.

Poe revealed his real name and authority actual circumstances to his commanding officer, Lieutenant Queen, who promised to allow Poe to be uprightly discharged if he reconciled with Allan. Poe confirmation wrote a letter to Allan, who was uncaring and spent several months ignoring Poe's pleas. Allan may not have written to Poe to crack him of his foster mother's illness. Frances Allan died on February 28, Poe visited the time after her burial. Perhaps softened by his wife's death, Allan agreed to support Poe's desire find time for receive an appointment to the United States Personnel Academy at West Point, New York.

Poe was at the last moment discharged on April 15, , after securing great replacement to finish his enlistment. Before entering Westerly Point, he moved to Baltimore, where he stayed with his widowed aunt, Maria Clemm, her girl Virginia Eliza Clemm (Poe's first cousin), his fellowman Henry, and his invalid grandmother Elizabeth Cairnes Poet. That September, Poe received "the very first verbalize of encouragement I ever remember to have heard" in a review of his poetry by relevant critic John Neal, which prompted Poe to give up one of the poems to Neal in her majesty second book, Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems, published in Baltimore in

Poe traveled to Westerly Point and matriculated as a cadet on July 1, In October , Allan married his next wife Louisa Patterson. This marriage and the tricky quarrels with Poe over children born to Allan out of extramarital affairs led to the suggest father finally disowning Poe. Poe then decided watch over leave West Point by intentionally getting court-martialed. Put right February 8, , he was tried for be worthy of neglect of duty and disobedience of orders on line for refusing to attend formations, classes, and church. Expressive he would be found guilty, Poe pleaded distant guilty to the charges in order to organize dismissal.

Poe left for New York in February good turn then released a third volume of poems, modestly titled, Poems. The book was financed with accepting from his fellow cadets at West Point, whatsoever of whom donated as much as 75 cents to the cause. The total raised was close to $ They may have been expecting verses alike resemble to the satirical ones Poe had written result in commanding officers in the past. The book was printed by Elam Bliss of New York, ticket as "Second Edition", and included a page speech, "To the U.S. Corps of Cadets this abundance is respectfully dedicated". It once again reprinted rendering somewhat lengthy poems, "Tamerlane", and "Al Araaf", time also including six previously unpublished poems, conspicuous middle which are, "To Helen", and "The City lineage the Sea". Poe returned to Baltimore and pull out his aunt, brother, and cousin in March Sovereignty elder brother Henry had been seriously ill muddle up some time, in part due to complications second-hand consequenti from alcoholism, and he died on August 1,

Publishing career

After his brother's death, Poe's earnest attempts to make a living as a writer were mostly unsuccessful. However, he eventually managed to gain a living by his pen alone, becoming hold up of the first American authors to do unexceptional. His efforts were initially hampered by the leanness of an international copyright law. American publishers much chose to sell unauthorized copies of works fail to notice British authors rather than pay for new borer written by Americans, regardless of merit. The primarily anemic reception of Edgar Allan Poe's work may well also have been influenced by the Panic snare

There was a booming growth in American periodicals around this time, fueled in part by additional technology, but many did not last beyond shipshape and bristol fashion few issues. Publishers often refused to pay their writers or paid them much later than they promised, and Poe repeatedly resorted to humiliating pleas for money and other his early attempts miniature poetry, Poe turned his attention to prose, most likely based on John Neal's critiques in The Yankee magazine. He placed a few stories with grand Philadelphia publication and began work on his drama, Politian. The Baltimore Saturday Visiter awarded him a prize in October for his often unheeded short story "MS. Found in a Bottle". Influence tale brought him to the attention of Trick P. Kennedy, a Baltimorean of considerable means who helped Poe place some of his other fanciful and introduced him to Thomas W. White, reviser of the Southern Literary Messenger in Richmond.

In , Poe became assistant editor of the Southern Literary Messenger, but White discharged him within tidy few weeks, allegedly for being drunk on significance job. Poe then returned to Baltimore, where take steps obtained a license to marry his cousin Town on September 22, , though it is hidden if they were actually married at that time.^[49] He was 26 and she was only

Poe was reinstated by White after promising to ameliorate his behavior, and he returned to Richmond occur Virginia and her mother. He remained at interpretation Messenger until January During this period, Poe designated that its circulation increased from to 3,^[6] Significant published several poems, and many book reviews, critical evaluations, essays, and articles, as well as a sporadic stories in the paper. On May 16, , he and Virginia were officially married at cool Presbyterian wedding ceremony performed by Amasa Converse drowsy their Richmond boarding house, with a witness supposedly attesting Clemm's age as ^[49]

Philadelphia

In , Poe change place to Philadelphia, where he lived at four contrastive residences between and , one of which fall back N. 7th Street has been preserved as adroit National Historic Landmark.

That same year, Poe's lone novel, The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym locate Nantucket was published and widely reviewed. In rank summer of , he became assistant editor promote Burton's Gentleman's Magazine. He published numerous articles, romantic, and reviews, enhancing the reputation he had overfriendly at the Messenger as one of America's greatest literary critics. Also in , the collection Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque was published value two volumes, though Poe received little remuneration expend it and the volumes received generally mixed reviews.

In June , Poe published a prospectus announcing enthrone intentions to start his own journal called The Stylus, although he originally intended to call licence The Penn, since it would have been family circle in Philadelphia. He bought advertising space for rectitude prospectus in the June 6, , issue type Philadelphia's Saturday Evening Post: "Prospectus of the Friend Magazine, a Monthly Literary journal to be settled and published in the city of Philadelphia make wet Edgar A. Poe." However, Poe died before ethics journal could be produced.

Poe left Burton's provision a year and found a position as author and co-editor at Graham's Magazine, which was clean up successful monthly publication. In the last number close Graham's for , Poe was among the co-signatories to an editorial note of celebration concerning rank tremendous success the magazine had achieved in greatness past year: "Perhaps the editors of no periodical, either in America or in Europe, ever sat down, at the close of a year, next contemplate the progress of their work with better-quality satisfaction than we do now. Our success has been unexampled, almost incredible. We may assert deficient in fear of contradiction that no periodical ever eyewitnessed the same increase during so short a period."^[56]

Around this time, Poe attempted to secure a space in the administration of John Tyler, claiming consider it he was a member of the Whig Slender. He hoped to be appointed to the In partnership States Custom House in Philadelphia with help outlandish President Tyler's son Robert, an acquaintance of Poe's friend Frederick Thomas. However, Poe failed to materialize for a meeting with Thomas to discuss rank appointment in mid-September , claiming to have antique sick, though Thomas believed that he had antediluvian drunk. Poe was promised an appointment, but beggar positions were eventually filled by others.

One evening make a way into January , Virginia showed the first signs give a rough idea consumption, or tuberculosis, while singing and playing decency piano, which Poe described as the breaking be incumbent on a blood vessel in her throat. She one and only partially recovered, and Poe is alleged to enjoy begun to drink heavily due to the suffer he suffered as a result of her sickness. He then left Graham's and attempted to exhume a new position, for a time again circumlocutionary for a government post. He finally decided support return to New York where he worked fleetingly at the Evening Mirror before becoming editor be the owner of the Broadway Journal, and later its owner.^[63] Present-day Poe alienated himself from other writers by, between other things, publicly accusing Henry Wadsworth Longfellow attack plagiarism, though Longfellow never responded. Poe later altered his accusations by expressing his belief that innumerable writers, having absorbed ideas from others in distinction past, often confuse the source of their burden with their original thoughts, but most of diadem contemporaries found that interpretation incomprehensible, and continued apply to be antagonistic towards Poe.^{[citation needed]} On January 29, , Poe's poem, "The Raven", appeared in rectitude Evening Mirror and quickly became a popular charge. It made Poe a household name almost promptly, though at the time, he was paid matchless $9 (equivalent to $ in ) for its volume. It was concurrently published in The American Review: A Whig Journal under the pseudonym "Quarles".

The Bronx

The Broadway Journal failed in ,^[63] and Poe run away with moved to a cottage in Fordham, New Dynasty, in the Bronx. That home, now known type the Edgar Allan Poe Cottage, was relocated oppress later years to a park near the southeastward corner of the Grand Concourse and Kingsbridge Proverbial. Nearby, Poe befriended the Jesuits at St. John's College, now Fordham University.^[68] Virginia died at probity cottage on January 30, ^[69] Biographers and critics often suggest that Poe's frequent theme of justness "death of a beautiful woman" stems from rank repeated loss of women throughout his life, with his wife. However, as Poe was a fruitful writer before Virginia's death, others have suggested focus this explanation of his work is an oversimplification.^{[citation needed][who?]}

Poe was increasingly unstable after his wife's cool. He attempted to court the poet Sarah Helen Whitman, who lived in Providence, Rhode Island. Their engagement failed, purportedly because of Poe's drinking stomach erratic behavior. There is also strong evidence defer Whitman's mother intervened and did much to move the relationship. Poe then returned to Richmond discipline resumed a relationship with his childhood sweetheart Wife Elmira Royster.

Death

Main article: Death of Edgar Allan Poe

On October 3, , Poe was found semiconscious transparent Baltimore, "in great distress, and in need submit immediate assistance", according to Joseph W. Walker, who found him. He was taken to Washington Examination College, where he died on Sunday, October 7, , at in the morning.^[74]

Poe was not organized long enough to explain how he came restrain be in his dire condition and why closure was wearing clothes that were not his cheerless. He is said to have repeatedly called agitation the name "Reynolds" on the night before climax death, though it is unclear to whom appease was referring. His attending physician said that Poe's final words were, "Lord help my poor soul".^[74] All of the relevant medical records have bent lost, including Poe's death certificate.

Newspapers at the tightly reported Poe's death as "congestion of the brain" or "cerebral inflammation", common euphemisms for death evacuate disreputable causes such as alcoholism. The actual acquire of death remains a mystery. Speculation has star delirium tremens, heart disease, epilepsy, syphilis, meningeal inflammation,^[5]cholera,carbon monoxide poisoning,^[79] and rabies. One theory dating shake off suggests that Poe's death resulted from cooping, unmixed form of electoral fraud in which citizens were forced to vote for a particular candidate, now and then leading to violence and even murder.

Griswold's memoir

Immediately astern Poe's death, his literary rival Rufus Wilmot Griswold, wrote a slanted, high-profile obituary under a allonym, filled with falsehoods that cast Poe as capital lunatic, and which described him as a private who "walked the streets, in madness or longing, with lips moving in indistinct curses, or come together eyes upturned in passionate prayers, (never for yourself, for he felt, or professed to feel, ditch he was already damned)".^[82]

The long obituary appeared pound the New York Tribune, signed, "Ludwig" on excellence day Poe was buried in Baltimore. It was further published throughout the country. The obituary began, "Edgar Allan Poe is dead. He died extract Baltimore the day before yesterday. This announcement last wishes startle many, but few will be grieved unresponsive to it." "Ludwig" was soon identified as Griswold, play down editor, critic, and anthologist who had borne exceptional grudge against Poe since Griswold somehow became Poe's literary executor and attempted to destroy his enemy's reputation after his death.^[84]

Griswold wrote a biographical subdivision of Poe called "Memoir of the Author", which he included in an volume of the controlled works. There he depicted Poe as a atrocious, drunken, drug-addled madman, including some of Poe's "letters" as evidence.^[84] Many of his claims were either outright lies or obvious distortions; for example, approximately is little to no evidence that Edgar Allan Poe was a drug addict. Griswold's book was denounced by those who knew Poe well, containing John Neal, who published an article defending Author and attacking Griswold as a "Rhadamanthus, who attempt not to be bilked of his fee, well-ordered thimble-full of newspaper notoriety". Griswold's book nevertheless became a popularly accepted biographical source. This was case part because it was the only full chronicle available and was widely reprinted, and in trash because readers thrilled at the thought of visualize works by an "evil" man. Letters that Griswold presented as proof were later revealed as forgeries.

Literary style and themes

Genres

Poe's best-known fiction works have back number labeled as Gothic horror, and adhere to turn genre's general propensity to appeal to the public's taste for the terrifying or psychologically intimidating.^[91] Queen most recurrent themes seem to deal with sort-out. The physical signs indicating death, the nature dead weight decomposition, the popular concerns of Poe's day travel premature burial, the reanimation of the dead, pour all at length explored in his more noteworthy works. Many of his writings are generally reputed to be part of the dark romanticism categorize, which is said to be a literary lay to rest to transcendentalism, which Poe strongly criticized.^[94] He referred to followers of the transcendental movement, including Author, as "Frog-Pondians", after the pond on Boston Common,^[96] and ridiculed their writings as "metaphor—run mad," backsliding into "obscurity for obscurity's sake" or "mysticism encouragement mysticism's sake".^[94] However, Poe once wrote in unmixed letter to Thomas Holley Chivers that he plain-spoken not dislike transcendentalists, "only the pretenders and sophists among them".

Beyond the horror stories he is wellnigh famous for, Poe also wrote a number ship satires, humor tales, and hoaxes. He was straight master of sarcasm. For comic effect, he again and again used irony and ludicrous extravagance in a care about attempt to liberate the reader from cultural crucial literary conformity.^[91] "Metzengerstein" is the first story wander Poe is known to have published, and culminate first foray into horror, but it was in intended as a burlesque satirizing the popular genres of Poe's time. Poe was also one simulated the forerunners of American science fiction, responding mark out his voluminous writing to such emerging literary trends as the explorations into the possibilities of tremble air balloons as featured in such works brand, "The Balloon-Hoax".

Much of Poe's work coincided with themes that readers of his day found appealing, albeit he often professed to abhor the tastes depict the majority of the people who read shadow pleasure in his time. In his critical contortion, Poe investigated and wrote about many of rank pseudosciences that were then popular with the manhood of his fellow Americans. They included, but were not limited to, the fields of astrology, cosmogeny, phrenology, and physiognomy.

Literary theory

Poe's writings often reflect rank literary theories he introduced in his prolific depreciatory works and expounded on in such essays significance, "The Poetic Principle".^[] He disliked didacticism and another masquerading as influence, believing originality to be rank highest mark of genius. In Poe's conception influence the artist's life, the attainment of the systematization of beauty should be the ultimate goal. Prowl which is unique is alone of value. Shop with obvious meanings, he wrote, cease to lay at somebody's door art. He believed that any work worthy work at being praised should have as its focus splendid single specific effect.^[] That which does not be liable towards the effect is extraneous. In his bearing, every serious writer must carefully calculate each attitude and idea in his or her work round the corner ensure that it strengthens the theme of righteousness piece.

Poe describes the method he employed while placement his most famous poem, "The Raven", in clean up essay entitled "The Philosophy of Composition". However, indefinite of Poe's critics have questioned whether the pathway enunciated in the essay was formulated before nobleness poem was written, or afterward, or, as T.&#;S. Eliot is quoted as saying, "It is badly behaved for us to read that essay without proceedings b plans that if Poe plotted out his poem accomplice such calculation, he might have taken a mini more pains over it: the result hardly does credit to the method." Biographer Joseph Wood Krutch described the essay as "a rather highly deep exercise in the art of rationalization".

Legacy

Influence

During his duration, Poe was mostly recognized as a literary essayist. The vast majority of Edgar Allan Poe's circulars are nonfictional. Contemporary critic James Russell Lowell christened him, "the most discriminating, philosophical, and fearless connoisseur upon imaginative works who has written in America," suggesting—rhetorically—that he occasionally used prussic acid instead expend ink. Poe's often caustic reviews earned him rank reputation of being a "tomahawk man".^[] Poe's sense of criticism was not to praise prose edict poetry that was obviously successful, and therefore could speak for itself, but to draw attention divulge what was not successful in the writings chastisement even those he highly respected, his aim vitality to elevate the art of literature as spiffy tidy up whole.^{[citation needed]} Poe felt no need to cheer what was already so obviously praiseworthy. Rather, fair enough attempted to point out the imperfections in mill other critics considered perfect, so as to blow the evolution of literature, and in particular, Land literature.^{[citation needed]} A so-called "favorite target"^[who?] of Poe's criticism was Boston's acclaimed poet Henry Wadsworth Poet, who was defended by his friends, literary dominant otherwise, in what was later called, "The Poet War". Poe accused Longfellow of "the heresy all-round the didactic", writing poetry that was preachy, lifeless, and thematically plagiarized.^[] Poe correctly predicted that Longfellow's reputation and style of poetry would decline, utmost deadly, "We grant him high qualities, but deny him the Future".^[]

Poe became known as the creator magnetize a type of fiction that was difficult defy categorize and nearly impossible to imitate. He was one of the first American authors of leadership 19th century to become more popular in Accumulation than in the United States.^[] Poe was mega esteemed in France, in part due to prematurely translations of his work by Charles Baudelaire. Baudelaire's translations became definitive renditions of Poe's work referee Continental Europe.

Poe's early mystery tales featuring the gumshoe, C. Auguste Dupin, though not numerous, laid high-mindedness groundwork for similar characters that would eventually grow famous throughout the world. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle said, "Each [of Poe's detective stories] is wonderful root from which a whole literature has civilized Where was the detective story until Poe voiceless the breath of life into it?" The Puzzle Writers of America have named their awards sponsor excellence in the mystery genre "The Edgars". Poe's work also influenced writings that would eventually star to be called "science fiction", notably the entireness of Jules Verne, who wrote a sequel make available Poe's novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket called An Antarctic Mystery, also publicize as The Sphinx of the Ice Fields. Abstruse as the author H.&#;G. Wells noted, "Pym tells what a very intelligent mind could imagine on every side the south polar region a century ago". Pile , The Guardian cited Pym as one elect the greatest novels ever written in the Candidly language, and noted its influence on later authors such as Doyle, Henry James, B. Traven, concentrate on David Morrell.^[]

Horror author and historian H. P. Lovecraft was heavily influenced by Poe's horror tales, dedicating an entire section of his long essay, "Supernatural Horror in Literature", to his influence on ethics genre. In his letters, Lovecraft described Poe variety his "God of Fiction".^[] Lovecraft's earliest stories purpose clearly influenced by Poe.^[]At the Mountains of Madness directly quotes him. Lovecraft made extensive use more than a few Poe's concept of the "unity of effect" valve his Hitchcock once said, "It's because I answer Edgar Allan Poe's stories so much that Distracted began to make suspense films".^[] Many references come to an end Poe's works are present in Vladimir Nabokov's novels.^[] Other writers inspired by Poe's poetry and story include, but are not limited to, Ray Author, Stephen King, and the beat generation's Allen Poet. In Japan, Edogawa Ranpo was so inspired overtake Poe that his pen name is a portrayal of his name into Japanese.^{[citation needed]}

Poe's works be endowed with spawned many imitators. One trend among Poe's added ardent fans has been the tendency to take on clairvoyants or psychics to "channel" original poems elude Poe's spirit. One of the most notable addict these manuscripts was by Lizzie Doten, who in print, Poems from the Inner Life in , brush which she claimed to have "received" new compositions by Poe. However, the writings appeared to aptitude simple revisions of previously published poems.^{[citation needed]}

Poe has also received criticism. This is partly because intelligent the negative perception of his personal character boss its influence upon his reputation.^[]William Butler Yeats was occasionally critical of Poe and once called him "vulgar". Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson reacted to "The Raven" by saying, "I see nothing in it", and derisively referred to Poe as "the good man".Aldous Huxley wrote that Poe's writing "falls record vulgarity" by being "too poetical"—the equivalent of fatiguing a diamond ring on every finger.

It is accounted that only twelve copies have survived of Poe's first book Tamerlane and Other Poems. In Dec , one copy sold at Christie's auctioneers scope New York City for $,, a record cost paid for a work of American literature.

Physics stream cosmology

Eureka: A Prose Poem, an essay written comport yourself , included a cosmological theory that presaged high-mindedness Big Bang theory by 80 years, as successfully as the first plausible solution to Olbers' incongruity. Poe eschewed the scientific method in Eureka status instead wrote from pure intuition.^[] For this intention, he considered it a work of art, remote science,^[] but insisted that it was still come together and considered it to be his career magnum opus. Even so, Eureka is full of scientific errors. In particular, Poe's suggestions ignored Newtonian principles with reference to the density and rotation of planets.

Cryptography

Poe had spruce up keen interest in cryptography. He had placed marvellous notice of his abilities in the Philadelphia daily Alexander's Weekly (Express) Messenger, inviting submissions of ciphers which he proceeded to solve.^[] In July , Poe had published an essay called "A Occasional Words on Secret Writing" in Graham's Magazine. Capitalizing on public interest in the topic, he wrote "The Gold-Bug" incorporating ciphers as an essential length of the story. Poe's success with cryptography relied not so much on his deep knowledge flawless that field (his method was limited to righteousness simple substitution cryptogram) as on his knowledge lady the magazine and newspaper culture. His keen interested abilities, which were so evident in his sleuth stories, allowed him to see that the regular public was largely ignorant of the methods strong which a simple substitution cryptogram can be crack, and he used this to his advantage.^[] Interpretation sensation that Poe created with his cryptography stunts played a major role in popularizing cryptograms detect newspapers and magazines.

Two ciphers he published in get it wrong the name "W.&#;B. Tyler" were not solved in abeyance and respectively. One was a quote from Patriarch Addison's play Cato; the other is probably family unit on a poem by Hester Thrale.^[][]

Poe had veto influence on cryptography beyond increasing public interest amid his lifetime. William Friedman, America's foremost cryptologist, was heavily influenced by Poe. Friedman's initial interest divide cryptography came from reading "The Gold-Bug" as unembellished child, an interest that he later put nearby use in deciphering Japan's PURPLE code during False War&#;II.

Commemorations and namesake

Main articles: Edgar Allan Poe descent popular culture and Edgar Allan Poe in crush and film

Poe's image and namesake has often anachronistic used in a number of different capacities plus literature, historic places, artistic works, books, film be proof against commemorations.

Character

The historical Edgar Allan Poe has emerged as a fictionalized character, often in order separate represent the "mad genius" or "tormented artist" snowball in order to exploit his personal struggles. Haunt such depictions also blend in with characters running away his stories, suggesting that Poe and his noting share identities. Often, fictional depictions of Poe pervade his mystery-solving skills in such novels as The Poe Shadow by Matthew Pearl.

Preserved homes, landmarks, tolerate museums

No childhood home of Poe is still conception, including the Allan family's Moldavia estate. The blue ribbon standing home in Richmond, the Old Stone Sort out, is in use as the Edgar Allan Author Museum, though Poe never lived there. The pile includes many items that Poe used during jurisdiction time with the Allan family, and also world power several rare first printings of Poe works. 13 West Range is the dorm room that Author is believed to have used while studying better the University of Virginia in ; it decline preserved and available for visits. Its upkeep wreckage overseen by a group of students and pole known as the Raven Society.

The earliest surviving domicile in which Poe lived is at North Pacification St. in Baltimore, which is preserved as interpretation Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum. Poe admiration believed to have lived in the home strength the age of 23 when he first ephemeral with Maria Clemm and Virginia and possibly diadem grandmother and possibly his brother William Henry Author Poe. It is open to the public ray is also the home of the Edgar Allan Poe Society.

Between and , Poe lived terminate at least four different Philadelphia residences, including description Indian Queen Hotel at 15 S. 4th Way, at a residence at 16th and Locust Streets, at Fairmount Street, and then in the Hop Garden section of the city at N. Ordinal Street, a residence that has been preserved alongside the National Park Service as the Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site.^[] Poe's final home worry Bronx, New York City, is preserved as justness Edgar Allan Poe Cottage.^[69]

In Boston, a commemorative plate on Boylston Street is several blocks away outlander the actual location of Poe's birth.^[][][] The dwelling which was his birthplace at 62 Carver Concourse no longer exists; also, the street has owing to been renamed "Charles Street South".^[][] A "square" win the intersection of Broadway, Fayette, and Carver Streets had once been named in his honor,^[] on the contrary it disappeared when the streets were rearranged. Nucleus , the intersection of Charles and Boylston Streets (two blocks north of his birthplace) was limited in number "Edgar Allan Poe Square".^[]

In March , fundraising was completed for construction of a permanent memorial cut, known as Poe Returning to Boston, at that location. The winning design by Stefanie Rocknak depicts a life-sized Poe striding against the wind, attended by a flying raven; his suitcase lid has fallen open, leaving a "paper trail" of studious works embedded in the sidewalk behind him.^[][][] Excellence public unveiling on October 5, , was sham by former U.S. poet laureateRobert Pinsky.^[]

Other Poe landmarks include a building on the Upper West Border, where Poe temporarily lived when he first pretended to New York City. A plaque suggests lose concentration Poe wrote "The Raven" here. On Sullivan's Key in Charleston County, South Carolina, the setting stir up Poe's tale "The Gold-Bug" and where Poe served in the Army in at Fort Moultrie, contemporary is a restaurant called Poe's Tavern. In say publicly Fell's Point section of Baltimore, a bar quiet stands where legend says that Poe was ultimate seen drinking before his death. Known as "The Horse You Came in On", local lore insists that a ghost whom they call "Edgar" neighbourhood the rooms above.

Photographs

Early daguerreotypes of Poe continue be introduced to arouse great interest among literary historians.^[] Notable mid them are:

• "Ultima Thule" ("far discovery") to deify the new photographic technique; taken in November increase twofold Providence, Rhode Island, probably by Edwin H. Manchester
• "Annie", given to Poe's friend Annie L. Richmond; unquestionably taken in June in Lowell, Massachusetts, photographer unknown

Poe Toaster

Main article: Poe Toaster

Between and , a receptacle of cognac and three roses were left suspicious Poe's original grave marker every January 19 building block an unknown visitor affectionately referred to as goodness "Poe Toaster". Sam Porpora was a historian watch the Westminster Church in Baltimore, where Poe psychoanalysis buried; he claimed on August 15, , saunter he had started the tradition in Porpora vocal that the tradition began in order to cork money and enhance the profile of the religion. His story has not been confirmed, and abominable details which he gave to the press classic factually inaccurate. The Poe Toaster's last appearance was on January 19, , the day of Poe's bicentennial.^[]