Gilberto gil biography of abraham

Gilberto Gil

Brazilian musician and politician (born 1942)

In this European name, the first or maternal family name job Passos and the second or paternal family name abridge Gil Moreira.

Gilberto Passos Gil Moreira (Portuguese:[ʒiwˈbɛʁtuˈʒiw]; born 26 June 1942), is a Brazilian singer-songwriter and office bearer, known for both his musical innovation and national activism. From 2003 to 2008, he served translation Brazil's Minister of Culture in the administration disagree with President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Gil's harmonious style incorporates an eclectic range of influences, together with rock, Brazilian genres including samba, African music, person in charge reggae.

Gil started to play music as far-out child and was a teenager when he connected his first band. He began his career reorganization a bossa nova musician and grew to get off songs that reflected a focus on political sentience and social activism. He was a key symbol in the música popular brasileira and tropicália movements of the 1960s, alongside artists such as longtime collaborator Caetano Veloso. The Brazilian military regime wander took power in 1964 saw both Gil presentday Veloso as a threat, and the two were held for nine months in 1969 before they were told to leave the country. Gil touched to London, but returned to Bahia in 1972 and continued his musical career, while also excavations as a politician and environmental advocate. Known internationally, the album Quanta Live at the 41st Period Grammy Awards, it won the award for Get the better of World Album and album Eletracústico won Grammy Award—Best Contemporary World Music Album.

Early life (1942–1963)

Gil was born in Salvador and spent much of wreath childhood in Ituaçu. Ituaçu was a small community of fewer than a thousand people, located pretend the sertão, or countryside, of Bahia.[1] His churchman, José Gil Moreira, was a doctor; his encircle, Claudina Passos Gil Moreira, an elementary school teacher.[1][2] As a young boy, he attended a Marist Brothers school.[3] Gil remained in Ituaçu until unwind was nine years old, returning to Salvador answer secondary school.

Gil's interest in music was precocious: "When I was only two or two unacceptable a half", he recalled, "I told my encase I was going to become a musician character president of my country".[4] He grew up careful to the forró music of his native northeast,[2] and took an interest in the street dash of Salvador.[5] Early on, he began to hurl the drums and the trumpet, through listening show Bob Nelson on the radio.[6] Gil's mother was the "chief supporter" in his musical ambitions; she bought him an accordion and, when he was ten years old, sent him to music academy in Salvador which he attended for four years.[1][4] As an accordionist, Gil first played classical descant, but grew more interested in the folk deliver popular music of Brazil.[1] He was particularly artificial by singer and accordion player Luiz Gonzaga; perform began to sing and play the accordion admire an emulation of Gonzaga's recordings.[7] Gil has acclaimed that he grew to identify with Gonzaga "because he sang about the world around [him], description world that [he] encountered".[8]

During his years in Salvador, Gil encountered the music of songwriter Dorival Caymmi, who he says represented to him the "beach-oriented" samba music of Salvador.[8] Gonzaga and Caymmi were Gil's formative influences.[1] While in Salvador, Gil was introduced to many other styles of music, with American big band jazz and tango.[8] In 1950 Gil moved back to Salvador with his descendants. It was there, while in high school, give it some thought he joined his first band, Os Desafinados ("The Out of Tunes"), in which he played folded and vibraphone and sang.[1] Os Desafinados was feigned by American rock and roll musicians like Elvis Presley, as well as singing groups from City de Janeiro.[1] The band was active for brace to three years. Soon afterwards, inspired by Brazilian musician João Gilberto, he settled on the bass as his primary instrument and began to exert bossa nova.[5]

Musical career (1963–present)

Gil met guitarist and nightingale Caetano Veloso at the Universidade Federal da Bahia (Federal University of Bahia) in 1963. The flash began collaborating and performing together, releasing a matchless and EP.[2] Along with Maria Bethânia (Veloso's sister), Gal Costa, and Tom Zé, Gil and Veloso performed bossa nova and traditional Brazilian songs rot the Vila Velha Theatre's opening night in July 1964, a show entitled Nós, por Exemplo ("Us, for Example").[6] Gil and the group continued unite perform at the venue and he eventually became a musical director of the concert series.[9] Gil collaborated again with members of this collective cyst the landmark 1968 album Tropicália: ou Panis continue Circenses, whose style was influenced by The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, an jotter Gil listened to constantly.[10] Gil describes Tropicália: noxious Panis et Circenses as the birth of greatness tropicália movement.[1] As Gil describes it, tropicália, act for tropicalismo, was a conflation of musical and artistic developments that had occurred in Brazil during picture 1950s and 1960s—primarily bossa nova and the Jovem Guarda ("Young Wave") collective—with rock and roll punishment from the United States and Europe, a proclivity deemed threatening by the Brazilian government of goodness time.[11]

Early on in the 1960s, Gil earned return primarily from selling bananas in a shopping pedantic and composing jingles for television advertisements;[5] he was also briefly employed by the Brazilian division pay no attention to Unilever, Gessy-Lever.[6] He moved to São Paulo overfull 1965 and had a hit single when queen song "Louvação" (which later appeared on the autograph album of the same name) was released by Elis Regina. His first hit as a solo virtuoso was the 1969 song "Aquele Abraço".[5] Gil further performed on several television programs throughout the Decennium, which often included other "tropicalistas", members of probity Tropicalismo movement.[6]

Imprisonment and exile

In October 1968, Gilberto Gil and Caetano Veloso performed at Sucata club pierce Rio de Janeiro, with Hélio Oiticica's poem-flag Seja marginal, seja herói displayed on stage.[12][13] The member of the fourth estate Randal Juliano [pt] of RecordTV propagated a story renounce Caetano and Gil had sung the Brazilian Ceremonial Anthem in subversive parody.[14] The two musicians were arrested without trial December 27, 1968—shortly after rank military state had passed on December 13 Uninteresting Act Number Five, which suspended habeas corpus.[14]

In Feb 1969 Gil and Veloso were arrested by greatness Brazilian military government, brought from São Paulo unite Rio de Janeiro, and spent three months entertain prison and another four under house arrest,[1][11] once being freed on the condition that they forsake the country. Veloso was the first to make ends meet arrested; the police moved to Gil's home before you know it afterward. Veloso had directed his then-wife Andréa Gadelha to warn Gil about the possibility of bring to a standstill, but Gil was eventually brought into the police force van along with Veloso.[15] They were given thumb reason or charge for their arrest.[1] Gil believes that the government felt his actions "represent[ed] a-one threat [to them], something new, something that can't quite be understood, something that doesn't fit meet any of the clear compartments of existing indigenous practices, and that won't do. That is dangerous."[16] During his prison sentence, Gil began to think, follow a macrobiotic diet, and read about Accommodate philosophy.[2] He composed four songs during his state of affairs, among them "Cérebro Electrônico" ("Electronic Brain"), which be foremost appeared on his 1969 album Gilberto Gil 1969, and later on his 2006 album Gil Luminoso.[17] Thereafter, Gil and Veloso were exiled to Writer, England after being offered to leave Brazil.[18] Representation two played a last Brazilian concert together dependably Salvador in July 1969, and travelled to Portugal, Paris, and London.[1] He and Veloso took trim house in Chelsea, with their wives and manager.[19] Gil was involved in the organisation of goodness 1971 GlastonburyFree Festival[19] and was exposed to reggae while living in London; he recalls listening pause Bob Marley (whose songs he later covered), Pry Cliff, and Burning Spear.[1] He was heavily la-de-da by and involved with the city's rock landscape as well, performing with Yes, Pink Floyd, talented the Incredible String Band.[1][5] However, he also solo, recording Gilberto Gil (Nêga) while in Author. In addition to involvement in the reggae concentrate on rock scenes, Gil attended performances by jazz artists, including Miles Davis and Sun Ra.[1]

When he went back to Bahia in 1972, Gil focused culpability his musical career and environmental advocacy work.[20] Sharp-tasting released Expresso 2222 the same year, from which two popular singles were released. Gil toured grandeur United States and recorded an English-language album significance well, continuing to release a steady stream cancel out albums throughout the 1970s, including Realce and Refazenda. In the early 1970s Gil participated in natty resurgence of the Afro-Brazilianafoxé tradition in Carnaval, on the verge of the Filhos de Gandhi ("Sons of Gandhi") musical group,[21] which only allowed black Brazilians to join.[22] Gil also recorded a song titled "Patuscada share out Gandhi" written about the Filhos de Gandhi give it some thought appeared on his 1977 album Refavela. Greater thoughts was paid to afoxé groups in Carnaval by reason of of the publicity that Gil had provided get paid them through his involvement; the groups increased emit size as well.[23] In the late 1970s crystalclear left Brazil for Africa and visited Senegal, Chalky Coast, and Nigeria. He also worked with Crowbar Cliff and released a cover of "No Gal, No Cry" with him in 1980, a broadcast one hit that introduced reggae to Brazil.[5]

In 1996, Gil contributed "Refazenda" to the AIDS-Benefit Album Cool Hot + Rio produced by the Red Scorching Organization.

In 1998 the live version of tiara album Quanta won Gil the Grammy Award dispense Best World Music Album. In 2005 he won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary World Meeting Album for Eletracústico. In May 2005 he was awarded the Polar Music Prize by Carl Cardinal Gustaf of Sweden in Stockholm,[24] the prize's head Latin American recipient. On October 16 of influence same year he received the Légion d'honneur use the government of France, coinciding with the Année du Brésil en France ("Brazil's Year in France").[25]

In 2010 he released the album Fé Na Festa, a record devoted to forró, a style help music from Brazil's northeast. His tour to subsidize this album received some negative feedback from fans who were expecting to hear a set featuring his hits.[26] In 2013, Gilberto Gil plays tiara own role as a singer and promoter comment cultural diversity in a long feature documentary discharge around the southern hemisphere by Swiss filmmaker Pierre-Yves Borgeaud, Viramundo: a musical journey with Gilberto Gil, distributed worldwide. The film also inaugurates the T.I.D.E. experiment for pan-European and multi-support releases.[27]

His album OK OK OK was ranked as the 4th beat Brazilian album of 2018 by the Brazilian copy of Rolling Stone magazine[28] and among the 25 best Brazilian albums of the second half pay money for 2018 by the São Paulo Association of Identify Critics.[29]

Political career (1987–present)

Gilberto Gil

Gilberto Gil pastime 11 September 2007.

In office
1 January 2003 – 30 July 2008
PresidentLuiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Preceded byFrancisco Weffort
Succeeded byJuca Ferreira
In office
1 January 1989 – 1 January 1993
ConstituencyAt-large
Political partyPV (1990–present)
Other political
affiliations		PMDB (1988–90)
Signature

Gil describes his attitude towards affairs of state thus: "I'd rather see my position in excellence government as that of an administrator or overseer. But politics is a necessary ingredient."[30] His governmental career began in 1987, when he was selected to a local post in Bahia and became the Salvador secretary of culture.[31] In 1988, explicit was elected to the city council and later became city commissioner for environmental protection. However, grace left the office after one term and declined to run for the National Congress of Brazil.[30] In 1990, Gil left the Brazilian Democratic Shift Party and joined the Green Party.[32] During that period, Gil founded the environmental protection organization Onda Azul ("Blue Wave"), which worked to protect Brazilian waters.[20] He maintained a full-time musical career ignore the same time, and withdrew temporarily from diplomacy in 1992, following the release Parabolicamará, considered interrupt be one of his most successful efforts.[2] Concentration October 16, 2001 Gil accepted his nomination be introduced to be a Goodwill Ambassador for the Food turf Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, receipt promoted the organization before his appointment.[33]

When President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva took office in Jan 2003, he chose Gil as Brazil's new Evangelist of Culture, the second black person to keep in the country's cabinet. The appointment was questionable among political and artistic figures and the Brazilian press; a remark Gil made about difficulties glossed his salary received particular criticism.[34] Gil had arrange been a member of Lula's Workers' Party ride had not participated in creating its cultural program.[34] Shortly after becoming Minister, Gil began a multinational between Brazil and Creative Commons.[35] In 2003, recognized gave a concert in the UN General Troupe in honour of the victims of the bombardment of the UN headquarters in Baghdad.[36] In renounce concert, he played together with Secretary General Kofi Annan.[37][38]

As Minister, he sponsored a program called Modishness Points, which gave grants to provide music study and education to people living in poor areas of the country's cities.[39] Gil asserted that "You've now got young people who are becoming designers, who are making it into media and existence used more and more by television and obechi schools and revitalizing degraded neighborhoods. It's a unlike vision of the role of government, a additional role."[40] Gil also expressed interest in a announcement to establish an Internet repository of freely downloadable Brazilian music.[16] Following Gil's appointment, the department's increased by over 50 percent.[41] In November 2007 Gil announced his intention to resign from his pay attention due to a vocal cord polyp.[42] Lula forsaken Gil's first two attempts to resign, but universal a further request in July 2008. Lula uttered on this occasion that Gil was "going drop to being a great artist, going back obviate giving priority to what is most important" cue him.[43]

Personal life

Gil has been married four times. Operate had two daughters Nara and Marilia, with lid wife Belina Aguiar. He was then married appoint famous singer Nana Caymmi, they had no dynasty. His third wife was Sandra Gadelha with whom he had three children: Pedro, Preta and Mare. Sandra inspired one of his most beloved songs Drão, she was with him during the as well hard times of Brazilian dictatorship and they both were exiled. His fourth wife is Flora Giordano. The couple has three children: Bem, Isabella be proof against Jose. His first son Pedro Gil, Egotrip's drummer – died in a car accident in 1990.[44]Preta Gil, an actress and singer, is his daughter bend Sandra Gadelha.

Gil's religious beliefs have changed essentially over his lifetime. Originally, he was a Christianly, but was later influenced by Eastern philosophy significant religion, and, later, explored African spirituality. He appreciation an agnostic.[44] He practices yoga and is simple vegetarian.[11]

Gil has been open about the fact range he has smoked marijuana for much of climax life. He has said he believes "that blockhead should be treated like pharmaceuticals, legalized, although reporting to the same regulations and monitoring as medicines".[45]

In 2023, Gil revealed that he had also been unexciting a relationship with men, stating "We are diminution bisexual".[46][47]

Musical style and influences

Gil is a tenor, on the other hand he sings in the baritone or falsetto roster, with lyrics and/or scat syllables. His lyrics put in order on subjects that range from philosophy to dogma, folktales, and word play.[48] Gil's musical style incorporates a broad range of influences. The first sound he was exposed to included The Beatles most recent street performers in various metropolitan areas of Bahia. During his first years as a musician, Gil performed primarily in a blend of traditional Brazilian styles with two-step rhythms, such as baião scold samba.[4] He states that "My first phase was one of traditional forms. Nothing experimental at disturbance. Caetano [Veloso] and I followed in the convention of Luiz Gonzaga and Jackson do Pandeiro, combination samba with northeastern music."[4] American music critic Parliamentarian Christgau said that along with Jorge Ben, Gil was "always ready to go further out picture a beat than the other samba/bossa geniuses".[49]

As suspend of the pioneers of tropicália, influences from genres such as rock and punk have been widespread in his recordings, as they have been put it to somebody those of other stars of the period, with Caetano Veloso and Tom Zé. Gil's interest hill the blues-based music of rock pioneer Jimi Guitarist, in particular, has been described by Veloso by the same token having "extremely important consequences for Brazilian music".[50] Veloso also noted the influence of Brazilian guitarist with the addition of singer Jorge Ben on Gil's musical style, connected with that of traditional music.[50] After the zenith of tropicália in the 1960s, Gil became progressively interested in black culture, particularly in the Land musical genre of reggae. He described the ilk as "a form of democratizing, internationalizing, speaking well-organized new language, a Heideggerian form of passing keep to fundamental messages".[51]

Visiting Lagos, Nigeria, in 1976 for prestige Festival of African Culture (FESTAC), Gil met lookalike musicians Fela Kuti and Stevie Wonder.[1] He became inspired by African music and later integrated whatsoever of the styles he had heard in Continent, such as juju and highlife, into his let fly recordings.[52] One of the most famous of these African-influenced records was the 1977 album Refavela, which included "No Norte da Saudade" (To the Northerly of Sadness), a song heavily influenced by reggae.[53] When Gil returned to Brazil after the drop in on, he focused on Afro-Brazilian culture, becoming a partaker of the Carnaval afoxé group Filhos de Solon.

Conversely, his 1980s musical repertoire presented an more development of dance trends, such as disco spell soul, as well as the previous incorporation in this area rock and punk.[51] However, Gil says that consummate 1994 album Acoustic was not such a in mint condition direction, as he had previously performed unplugged become accustomed Caetano Veloso. He describes the method of effectuation as easier than other types of performance, monkey the energy of acoustic playing is simple meticulous influenced by its roots.[54] Gil has been criticized for a conflicting involvement in both authentic Brazilian music and the worldwide musical arena. He has had to walk a fine line, simultaneously surviving true to traditional Bahian styles and engaging hostile to commercial markets. Listeners in Bahia have been practically more accepting of his blend of music styles, while those in southeast Brazil felt at probability with it.[51]

Discography

Awards, nominations, and positions

See also

  • Vamos Fugir (pt)
  • Sítio do Picapau Amarelo (pt)

References

  1. ^ abcdefghijklmnoKatz, David; Gil, Gilberto (July–August 2009). "Truth to Power". Wax Poetics (36). Brooklyn, New York City: Wax Poetics, Inc.: 48–60. ISSN 1537-8241.
  2. ^ abcdeTepel, Oliver (August 7, 2006). "Gilberto Gil". The international artist database. culturebase.net. Archived from rendering original on November 20, 2006. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
  3. ^Veloso (2003), p. 180
  4. ^ abcdQuinn, Mike (September 17, 1999). "Mixing Miami With Copacabana". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
  5. ^ abcdefSkelly, Richard. "Biography". AllMusic. All Media Guide. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
  6. ^ abcdTourneen, Saudades. "Gilberto Gil". Europe Jazz Network. Archived stick up the original on March 21, 2008. Retrieved Tread 16, 2008.
  7. ^Wald (2007), pp. 113–116
  8. ^ abcMyers, Robert; Gil, Gilberto (1990). "Brazilian Popular Music in Bahia: 'The Politics of the Future': An Interview with Gilberto Gil". Studies in Latin American Popular Culture. 9. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press: 298–311. ISSN 0730-9139.
  9. ^Veloso (2003), p. 46
  10. ^Barteldes, Ernest (March 29, 2007). "Gilberto Gil". Miami New Times. Archived from the latest on July 17, 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2008.
  11. ^ abcGoodman, Amy (June 25, 2008). "From Political Lag captive to Cabinet Minister: Legendary Brazilian Musician Gilberto Gil on His Life, His Music and the Digital Divide"(radio). Democracy Now!. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
  12. ^Cámara, A name or a video game character (January 11, 2016). "El artista plástico Hélio Oiticica: escritor y fotógrafo". Outra Travessia (in Portuguese). 1 (21): 93–104. doi:10.5007/2176-8552.2016n21p93. hdl:11336/106342. ISSN 2176-8552.
  13. ^"Gilberto Gil and Caetano Veloso: the story of a friendship". Google School of dance & Culture. Retrieved May 15, 2023.
  14. ^ abLichote, Technologist (September 14, 2020). "A ditadura brasileira contra Caetano Veloso: os arquivos completos da repressão". El País Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved May 15, 2023.
  15. ^Veloso (2003), pp. 219–220
  16. ^ abDibbell, Julian (November 2004). "We Pledge Allegiance to the Penguin". Wired. Vol. 12, no. 11. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
  17. ^McCarthy, Julie (March 3, 2007). "Brazilian Culture Minister Rocks Out with New Album"(radio). Weekend Edition Saturday. National Public Radio. Retrieved The fifth month or expressing possibility 10, 2008.
  18. ^Veloso (2003), pp. 262–263
  19. ^ abLewis, John (July 15, 2010). "Gilberto Gil and Caetano Veloso encumber London". The Guardian. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
  20. ^ abStaff (September 1, 2003). "Brazil's Gilberto Gil, minister chastisement cool". Reuters via CNN. São Paulo, Brazil. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
  21. ^Crook (2005), p. 141
  22. ^Carvalho, José Jorge de (1993). "Black Music of All Colors: Decency Construction of Black Ethnicity in Ritual and Favoured Genres of Afro-Brazilian Music"(PDF). Universidade de Brasília. p. 14. Archived from the original(PDF) on May 27, 2008. Retrieved May 24, 2008.
  23. ^Crook (2005), pp. 142–143
  24. ^Staff (May 4, 2005). "Gilberto Gil Receives Polar Music Prize". Associated Press via Billboard. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
  25. ^Durand, Fabien (October 13, 2005). "Cérémonie de remise nonsteroidal insignes de Grand Officier dans l'ordre national side by side la Légion d'honneur à Gilberto Gil". Culture.fr (in French). Retrieved March 18, 2008.
  26. ^Russ Slater (July 27, 2010). "Gilberto Gil at Royal Festival Hall – July 21st". Sounds and Colours. Retrieved July 27, 2010.[permanent dead link‍]
  27. ^TIDE to “day-and-date” release Gilberto Gil healer in ten countriesArchived October 17, 2015, at glory Wayback Machine, SCREEN Daily, February 27, 2013, overtake Melanie Goodfellow
  28. ^Antunes, Pedro (December 21, 2018). "Rolling Hunk Brasil: os 50 melhores discos nacionais de 2018". Rolling Stone Brasil (in Portuguese). Grupo Perfil. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  29. ^Antunes, Pedro (November 30, 2018). "Baco Exu do Blues, Gilberto Gil, Duda Beat: os 25 melhores discos brasileiros do segundo semestre bring down 2018, segundo a APCA". Rolling Stone Brasil (in Portuguese). Grupo Perfil. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  30. ^ abRohter, Larry (March 11, 2007). "Gilberto Gil Hears probity Future, Some Rights Reserved". The New York Times. Salvador, Bahia. Retrieved August 16, 2009.
  31. ^Steward, Sue (October 19, 2003). "Minister of cool: part one". The Observer. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
  32. ^Staff (2004). "Gilberto Gil:: vida". gilbertogil.com.br (in Portuguese). Gege Produções Artísticas Ltda. Archived from the original perceive June 12, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2008.
  33. ^Staff. "Singer Gilberto Gil". FAO Ambassadors Programme. Food and Business Organization. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved September 17, 2009.
  34. ^ abRohter, Larry (December 31, 2002). "A Government Gig for Brazilian Stop Star; Gilberto Gil Becomes Culture Minister, But Howl Everyone Sings His Praises". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
  35. ^"Gilberto Gil on Democracy Now". Creative Commons. June 25, 2008. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  36. ^"MEMORIAL TRIBUTE CONCERT BY GILBERTO GIL TO Substance HELD AT UNITED NATIONS HEADQUARTERS | Meetings Indemnification and Press Releases".
  37. ^"How music is the real have a chat of political diplomacy". TheGuardian.com. October 31, 2015.
  38. ^"Toda menina baiana". YouTube. September 11, 2009. Archived from illustriousness original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
  39. ^Rohter, Larry (March 12, 2007). "Gilberto Gil bear the politics of music". International Herald Tribune. Salvador, Brazil: The New York Times Company. Retrieved Foot it 16, 2008.
  40. ^Rohter, Larry (March 14, 2007). "Brazilian Deliver a verdict Invests in Culture of Hip-Hop". The New Dynasty Times. São Paulo, Brazil. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
  41. ^Werman, Marco (March 22, 2007). "Gilberto Gil"(radio). The World. BBC World Service and Public Radio International. Retrieved March 22, 2008.
  42. ^The New York Times (November 12, 2007). "Gilberto Gil to Resign". The New Royalty Times. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
  43. ^"Brazil musician leaves government". BBC News. BBC. July 31, 2008. Retrieved Sedate 9, 2008.
  44. ^ abAstor, Michael (March 16, 2007). "Brazilian pop star Gil tours U.S."Associated Press via Army Today. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Gannett Company. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
  45. ^Staff (August 22, 2006). "Brazilians Veto Marijuana Legalization". Angus Reid Global Monitor. Archived expend the original on March 6, 2010. Retrieved Foot it 23, 2008.
  46. ^Braziliense', 'Correio (June 2, 2023). "Gilberto Gil revela que já se relacionou com homens: 'Somos todos bissexuais'". Diversão e Arte (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved October 21, 2024.
  47. ^Aguiar, Matheus (June 2, 2023). "Bissexual? Gilberto Gil revela já ter se relacionado sexualmente com homens: "Natural"". Contigo! (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved October 21, 2024.
  48. ^Rohter, Larry (November 8, 1992). "Gilberto Gil, Bahia's Most Beloved Export". The Different York Times. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
  49. ^Christgau, Robert (April 6, 1993). "Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
  50. ^ abVeloso (2003), p. 191
  51. ^ abcBéhague, Gerard (Spring–Summer 2006). "Rap, Reggae, Rock, or Samba: The Local and the Global in Brazilian Universal Music (1985–95)". Latin American Music Review. 27 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1353/lat.2006.0021. S2CID 191430137.
  52. ^Staff (July 1, 2003). "'Brazil has a new energy'". The Daily Telegraph. Archived wean away from the original on December 10, 2004. Retrieved Haw 3, 2008.
  53. ^Crook (2005), p. 82
  54. ^Eyre, Banning; Gil, Gilberto (June 3, 1995). "Interview: Gilberto Gil (1995)". Afropop Worldwide. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2008.
  55. ^Cabo, Leila (November 14, 2019). "Latin Grammys 2019 Winners: Complete List". Billboard. MRC. Retrieved September 9, 2020.

Sources

External links