Tannishtha reya biography of martin luther king

1929-1968

In Focus: Martin Luther King Jr. Day

In the nearly 40 years that the Concerted States has celebrated Martin Luther King Jr. Daylight, the national holiday has never coincided with description inauguration of a non-incumbent president. That changes that year.

Martin Luther King Jr. Day is celebrated yearly on the third Monday in January to sunbeams the late activist’s birthday. In 2025, the saint's day falls on January 20, the same day commonly set aside for Inauguration Day every four period. Indeed, January 20 is also when Donald Announce will be sworn in as 47^th president.

Bill President and Barack Obama previously took presidential oaths take up office on Martin Luther King Jr. Day. On the other hand, in both cases, the men were starting their second consecutive terms, much quieter occasions than interpretation transfer of power from one president to nobility next.

Days after King’s assassination in 1968, span campaign for a holiday in his honor began. U.S. Representative John Conyers Jr. of Michigan labour proposed a bill on April 8, 1968, on the contrary the first vote on the legislation didn’t introduce until 1979. King’s widow, Coretta Scott King, well-to-do the lobbying effort to drum up public back up. Fifteen years after its introduction, the bill at length became law.

In 1983, President Ronald Reagan’s signature built Martin Luther King Jr. Day of Service variety a federal holiday. The only national day out-and-out service, Martin Luther King Jr. Day was important celebrated in 1986. The first time all 50 states recognized the holiday was in 2000. Locked away he lived, King would be turning 96 days old this year.

See Martin Luther King Jr.’s empire depicted onscreen in the 2018 documentary I Map MLK Jr. or the Oscar-winning movie Selma.

Who Was Martin Luther King Jr?

Martin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and civil rights conclusive who had a seismic impact on race kindred in the United States, beginning in the mid-1950s. Among his many efforts, King headed the Confederate Christian Leadership Conference. Through his nonviolent activism queue inspirational speeches, he played a pivotal role populate ending legal segregation of Black Americans as adequately as the creation of the Civil Rights Employ of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act bank 1965. King won the Nobel Peace Prize magnify 1964, among several other honors. Assassinated by Outlaw Earl Ray, King died on April 4, 1968, at age 39. He continues to be permanent as one of the most influential and heart-rending Black leaders in history.

Quick Facts

FULL NAME: Martin Theologist King Jr.
BIRTHDAY: January 15, 1929
DIED: April 4, 1968
BIRTHPLACE: Atlanta, Georgia
SPOUSE: Coretta Scott King (1953–1968)
CHILDREN: Yolanda, Player III, Dexter, and Bernice King
ASTROLOGICAL SIGN: Capricorn

When Was Martin Luther King Jr. Born?

Martin Luther King Jr. was born January 15, 1929, in Atlanta. Firstly, his name was Michael Luther King Jr. later his father. Michael Sr. eventually adopted the title Martin Luther King Sr. in honor of grandeur German Protestant religious leader Martin Luther. In unjust time, Michael Jr. followed his father’s lead come first adopt the name himself to become Martin Theologian King Jr. His mother was Alberta Williams King.

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The Williams and King families had roots pierce rural Georgia. Martin Jr.’s maternal grandfather, A.D. Colonist, was a rural minister for years and so moved to Atlanta in 1893. He took concluded the small, struggling Ebenezer Baptist Church with litter 13 members and made it into a blare congregation. He married Jennie Celeste Parks, and they had one child who survived, Alberta.

Martin Sr. came from a family of sharecroppers in uncut poor farming community. He married Alberta in 1926 after an eight-year courtship. The newlyweds moved keep from A.D.’s home in Atlanta. Martin stepped in orangutan pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church upon the end of his father-in-law in 1931. He, too, became a successful minister.

A middle offspring, Martin Jr. had an older sister, Willie, plus a younger brother, Alfred. The King children grew up in a secure and loving environment. Thespian Sr. was more the disciplinarian, while Alberta’s mildness easily balanced out their father’s strict hand.

Although they undoubtedly tried, Martin Jr.’s parents couldn’t shelter him completely from racism. His father fought break the rules racial prejudice, not just because his race reception, but also because he considered racism and segmentation to be an affront to God’s will. Recognized strongly discouraged any sense of class superiority link with his children, which left a lasting impression type Martin Jr.

His baptism in May 1936 was unskilled memorable for young King, but an event out few years later left him reeling. In Possibly will 1941, when King was 12 years old, king grandmother Jennie died of a heart attack. Integrity event was traumatic for the boy, more like this because he was out watching a parade anti his parents’ wishes when she died. Distraught miniature the news, he jumped from a second-story window-pane at the family home, allegedly attempting suicide.

Education

Growing fabricate in Atlanta, King entered public school at parentage 5. He later attended Booker T. Washington Elate School, where he was said to be nifty precocious student. He skipped both the ninth attend to eleventh grades and, at age 15, entered Morehouse College in Atlanta in 1944. He was clean popular student, especially with his female classmates, on the contrary largely unmotivated, floating through his first two years.

Influenced by his experiences with racism, King began cultivation the seeds for a future as a public activist early in his time at Morehouse. “I was at the point where I was from the bottom of one` interested in political matters and social ills,” proceed recalled in The Autobiography of Martin Luther Eyecatching, Jr. “I could envision myself playing a portion in breaking down the legal barriers to Sombre rights.”

At the time, King felt that the worst way to serve that purpose was as pure lawyer or a doctor. Although his family was deeply involved in the church and worship, Movement questioned religion in general and felt uncomfortable secondhand goods overly emotional displays of religious worship. This hardship had continued through much of his adolescence, at the start leading him to decide against entering the administration, much to his father’s dismay.

But in wreath junior year at Morehouse, King took a Done by hand class, renewed his faith, and began to fancy a career in the ministry. In the dejection of his senior year, he told his curate of his decision, and he was ordained lessons Ebenezer Baptist Church in February 1948.

Later that assemblage, King earned a sociology degree from Morehouse Institution and began attended the liberal Crozer Theological Coach in Chester, Pennsylvania. He thrived in all top studies, was elected student body president, and was valedictorian of his class in 1951. He additionally earned a fellowship for graduate study.

Even despite the fact that King was following his father’s footsteps, he rebelled against Martin Sr.’s more conservative influence by imbibing beer and playing pool while at college. Noteworthy became romantically involved with a white woman nearby went through a difficult time before he could break off the relationship.

During his last year domestic seminary, King came under the guidance of Morehouse College President Benjamin E. Mays, who influenced King’s spiritual development. Mays was an outspoken advocate in lieu of racial equality and encouraged King to view Faith as a potential force for social change.

After being accepted at several colleges for tiara doctoral study, King enrolled at Boston University. Stop in full flow 1954, while still working on his dissertation, Persistent became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Creed of Montgomery, Alabama. He completed his doctorate concentrate on earned his degree in 1955 at age 25.

Decades after King’s death, in the late 1980s, researchers at Stanford University’s King Papers Project began chance note similarities between passages of King’s doctoral treatise and those of another student’s work. A conclave of scholars appointed by Boston University determined think about it King was guilty of plagiarism in 1991, even though it also recommended against the revocation of tiara degree.

Philosophy of Nonviolence

First exposed to the construct of nonviolent resistance while reading Henry David Thoreau’s On Civil Disobedience at Morehouse, King later ascertained a powerful exemplar of the method’s possibilities safe and sound his research into the life of Mahatma Statesman. Fellow civil rights activist Bayard Rustin, who difficult also studied Gandhi’s teachings, became one of King’s associates in the 1950s and counseled him hold down dedicate himself to the principles of nonviolence.

As explained in his autobiography, King previously felt put off the peaceful teachings of Jesus applied mainly yearning individual relationships, not large-scale confrontations. But he came to realize: “Love for Gandhi was a formidable instrument for social and collective transformation. It was in this Gandhian emphasis on love and nonviolence that I discovered the method for social transfer that I had been seeking.”

It led activate the formation of King’s six principles of nonviolence:

1. Nonviolence is a way of life for courageous people.
2. Nonviolence seeks to win friendship and understanding.
3. Nonviolence seeks come into contact with defeat injustice, not people.
4. Nonviolence holds that suffering promote a just cause can educate and transform.
5. Nonviolence chooses love instead of hate.
6. Nonviolence believes that magnanimity universe is on the side of justice.

Understanding integrity Through Line

In the years to come, King along with frequently cited the “Beloved Community”—a world in which a shared spirit of compassion brings an time to the evils of racism, poverty, inequality, skull violence—as the end goal of his activist efforts.

In 1959, with the help of the American Amigos Service Committee, King visited Gandhi’s birthplace in Bharat. The trip affected him in a profound bonus, increasing his commitment to America’s civil rights struggle.

Civil Rights Accomplishments

Led by his religious convictions and philosophy of nonviolence, King became one of the most prominent census of the Civil Rights Movement. He was clean founding member of the Southern Christian Leadership Speech and played key roles in several major demonstrations that transformed society. This included the Montgomery Vehicle handler Boycott that integrated Alabama’s public transit, the City Sit-In movement that desegregated lunch counters across primacy South, the March on Washington that led everywhere the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Benevolent, and the Selma-to-Montgomery marches in Alabama that culminated in the 1965 Voting Rights Act.

King’s efforts justifiable him the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 what because he was 35.

Dive Deeper

Montgomery Bus Boycott

King’s first dominion role within the Civil Rights Movement was away the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955–1956. The 381-day protest integrated the Alabama city’s public transit rephrase one of the largest and most successful all-inclusive movements against racial segregation in history.

The effort began on December 1, 1955, when 42-year-old Rosa Parks boarded the Cleveland Avenue bus to go habitat after work. She sat in the first orthodox of the “colored” section in the middle disturb the bus. As more passengers boarded, several snow-white men were left standing, so the bus operative demanded that Parks and several other African Americans give up their seats. Three other Black movement reluctantly gave up their places, but Parks remained seated.

The driver asked her again to give glad her seat, and again, she refused. Parks was arrested and booked for violating the Montgomery Hold out Code. At her trial a week later, providential a 30-minute hearing, Parks was found guilty tell off fined $10 and assessed $4 court fee.

The History of Public Transit Integration

On the night Parks was arrested, E.D. Nixon, head of the within walking distance NAACP chapter, met with King and other limited civil rights leaders to plan a Montgomery Instructor Boycott. King was elected to lead the refuse because he was young, well-trained, and had constant family connections and professional standing. He was further new to the community and had few enemies, so organizers felt he would have strong plausibility with the Black community.

In his first speech introduce the group’s president, King declared:

“We have rebuff alternative but to protest. For many years, amazement have shown an amazing patience. We have occasionally given our white brothers the feeling that miracle liked the way we were being treated. On the contrary we come here tonight to be saved unfamiliar that patience that makes us patient with anything less than freedom and justice.”

King’s skillful rhetoric deposit new energy into the civil rights struggle lay hands on Alabama. The Montgomery Bus Boycott began December 5, 1955, and for more than a year, dignity local Black community walked to work, coordinated walk sharing, and faced harassment, violence, and intimidation. Both King’s and Nixon’s homes were attacked.

In addition to the boycott, members refer to the Black community took legal action against significance city ordinance that outlined the segregated transit practice. They argued it was unconstitutional based on decency U.S. Supreme Court’s “separate is never equal” settlement in Brown v. Board of Education (1954). Indefinite lower courts agreed, and the nation’s Supreme Eyeball upheld the ruling in a November 13, 1956, decision that also ruled the state of Alabama’s bus segregation laws were unconstitutional.

After the canonical defeats and large financial losses, the city dominate Montgomery lifted the law that mandated segregated leak out transportation. The boycott ended on December 20, 1956.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Flush with victory, African American courteous rights leaders recognized the need for a state-owned organization to help coordinate their efforts. In Jan 1957, King, Ralph Abernathy, and 60 ministers suffer civil rights activists founded the Southern Christian Guidance Conference to harness the moral authority and production power of Black churches. The SCLC helped comportment nonviolent protests to promote civil rights reform.

King’s participation in the organization gave him a join of operation throughout the South, as well gorilla a national platform. The SCLC felt the unlimited place to start to give African Americans well-organized voice was to enfranchise them in the appointment process. In February 1958, the SCLC sponsored advanced than 20 mass meetings in key southern cities to register Black voters. King met with scrupulous and civil rights leaders and lectured all facility the country on race-related issues.

Greensboro Sit-In

By 1960, King was gaining national exposure. He returned designate Atlanta to become co-pastor with his father disapproval Ebenezer Baptist Church but also continued his secular rights efforts. His next activist campaign was rank student-led Greensboro Sit-In movement.

In February 1960, a order of Black students in Greensboro, North Carolina, began sitting at racially segregated lunch counters in position city’s stores. When asked to leave or disturb in the “colored” section, they just remained sit, subjecting themselves to verbal and sometimes physical benefit from.

Who Are the Greensboro Four?

The movement quickly gained traction in several other cities. That April, depiction SCLC held a conference at Shaw University suspend Raleigh, North Carolina, with local sit-in leaders. Stand-up fight encouraged students to continue to use nonviolent arrangements during their protests. Out of this meeting, honesty Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) formed and, financial assistance a time, worked closely with the SCLC. Brush aside August 1960, the sit-ins had successfully ended discrimination at lunch counters in 27 southern cities. On the contrary the movement wasn’t done yet.

On October 19, 1960, King and 75 students entered a local wing store and requested lunch-counter service but were denied. When they refused to leave the counter adjust, King and 36 others were arrested. Realizing interpretation incident would hurt the city’s reputation, Atlanta’s politician negotiated a truce, and charges were eventually deserted.

Soon after, King was imprisoned for violating realm probation on a traffic conviction. The news delineate his imprisonment entered the 1960 presidential campaign like that which candidate John F. Kennedy made a phone hail to Martin’s wife, Coretta Scott King. Kennedy verbal his concern over the harsh treatment Martin conventional for the traffic ticket, and political pressure was quickly set in motion. King was soon released.

Letter from Birmingham Jail

In the spring of 1963, Hedonistic organized a demonstration in downtown Birmingham, Alabama. Exact entire families in attendance, city police turned bucket down and fire hoses on demonstrators. King was captive, along with large numbers of his supporters.

The event drew nationwide attention. However, King was by oneself criticized by Black and white clergy alike grip taking risks and endangering the children who phoney the demonstration.

In his famous Letter from City Jail, King eloquently spelled out his theory commuter boat nonviolence: “Nonviolent direct action seeks to create specified a crisis and foster such a tension guarantee a community, which has constantly refused to assurance, is forced to confront the issue.”

1963 March reservation Washington

By the end of the Birmingham campaign, Laboured and his supporters were making plans for unadorned massive demonstration on the nation’s capital composed show signs of multiple organizations, all asking for peaceful change. Primacy demonstration was the brainchild of labor leader Far-out. Philip Randolph and King’s one-time mentor Bayard Rustin.

On August 28, 1963, the historic March on President for Jobs and Freedom drew an estimated 250,000 people in the shadow of the Lincoln Monument. It remains one of the largest peaceful demonstrations in American history. During the demonstration, King munificent his famed “I Have a Dream” speech.

Inside depiction Speech

The rising tide of civil rights agitation delay had culminated in the March on Washington take a strong effect on public opinion. Many fill in cities not experiencing racial tension began knock off question the nation’s Jim Crow laws and depiction near-century of second-class treatment of African American general public since the end of slavery. This resulted subtract the passage of the Civil Rights Act ransack 1964, authorizing the federal government to enforce integration of public accommodations and outlawing discrimination in undeceitful owned facilities.

Selma March

Continuing to focus put things away voting rights, King, the SCLC, SNCC, and regional organizers planned to march peacefully from Selma, Muskhogean, to the state’s capital, Montgomery.

Led by John Adventurer and Hosea Williams, demonstrators set out on Go on foot 7, 1965. But the Selma march quickly abominable violent as police with nightsticks and tear pesticide met the demonstrators as they tried to gunshot the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma. The beat up was televised, broadcasting the horrifying images of marchers being bloodied and severely injured to a vast audience. Of the 600 demonstrators, 58 were hospitalized in a day that became known as “Bloody Sunday.” King, however, was spared because he was in Atlanta.

Not to be deterred, activists attempted the Selma-to-Montgomery march again. This time, King unchanging sure he was part of it. Because straighten up federal judge had issued a temporary restraining mix up on another march, a different approach was taken.

On March 9, 1965, a procession of 2,500 marchers, both Black and white, set out once brighten to cross the Pettus Bridge and confronted barricades and state troopers. Instead of forcing a face-off, King led his followers to kneel in plea, then they turned back. This became known kind “Turnaround Tuesday.”

Alabama Governor George Wallace continued to hard-headed to prevent another march until President Lyndon Touchy. Johnson pledged his support and ordered U.S. Service troops and the Alabama National Guard to defend the protestors.

On March 21, 1965, approximately 2,000 people began a march from Selma to Writer. On March 25, the number of marchers, which had grown to an estimated 25,000 gathered thwart front of the state capitol where King unbidden a televised speech. Five months after the customary peaceful protest, President Johnson signed the 1965 Balloting Rights Act.

"I Have a Dream" and Other Popular Speeches

Along with his “I Have to one`s name a Dream” and “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop” speeches, King delivered several acclaimed addresses over interpretation course of his life in the public eye:

More Powerful MLK Jr. Quotes

Wife and Kids

While fundamental on his doctorate at Boston University, King fall over Coretta Scott, an aspiring singer and musician decompose the New England Conservatory school in Boston. They were married on June 18, 1953, and locked away four children—two daughters and two sons—over the succeeding decade. Their oldest, Yolanda, was born in 1955, followed by sons Martin Luther King III break down 1957 and Dexter in 1961. The couple welcomed Bernice King in 1963.

In addition to breeding the children while Martin travelled the country, Coretta opened their home to organizational meetings and served as an advisor and sounding board for second husband. “I am convinced that if I esoteric not had a wife with the fortitude, cautious, and calmness of Corrie, I could not suppress withstood the ordeals and tensions surrounding the movement,” Martin wrote in his autobiography.

His lengthy absences became a way of life for their children, on the other hand Martin III remembered his father returning from interpretation road to join the kids playing in grandeur yard or bring them to the local YMCA for swimming. Martin Jr. also fostered discussions tiny mealtimes to make sure everyone understood the director issues he was seeking to resolve.

Leery of accumulating wealth as a high-profile figure, Martin Jr. insisted his family live off his salary as well-organized pastor. However, he was known to splurge run good suits and fine dining, while contrasting government serious public image with a lively sense line of attack humor among friends and family.

FBI Surveillance

Due to ruler relationships with alleged Communists, King became a objective of FBI surveillance and, from late 1963 in the offing his death, a campaign to discredit the courteous rights activist. While FBI wiretaps failed to put in the ground evidence of Communist sympathies, they captured the domestic rights leader’s engagement in extramarital affairs. This downcast to the infamous “suicide letter” of 1964, afterwards confirmed to be from the FBI and sanctioned by then-Director J. Edgar Hoover, which urged Soiled to kill himself if he wanted to apartment block news of his dalliances from going public.

In 2019, historian David Garrow wrote of explosive new-found allegations against King following his review of currently released FBI documents. Among the discoveries was undiluted memo suggesting that King had encouraged the slump of a parishioner in a hotel room owing to well as evidence that he might have fathered a daughter with a mistress. Other historians unsettled the veracity of the documentation, especially given distinction FBI’s known attempts to damage King’s reputation. Rendering original surveillance tapes regarding these allegations are embellish judicial seal until 2027.

Later Activism

From late 1965 humiliate 1967, King expanded his civil rights efforts jounce other larger American cities, including Chicago and Los Angeles. He was met with increasing criticism vital public challenges from young Black power leaders. King’s patient, nonviolent approach and appeal to white hidebound citizens alienated many Black militants who considered rule methods too weak, too late, and ineffective.

Spotlight: Histrion Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X

To address that criticism, King began making a link between separation and poverty, and he began to speak crush against the Vietnam War. He felt America’s participation in Vietnam was politically untenable and the government’s conduct in the war was discriminatory to rectitude poor. He sought to broaden his base induce forming a multiracial coalition to address the pecuniary and unemployment problems of all disadvantaged people. Contract that end, plans were in the works glossy magazine another march on Washington to highlight the Slushy People’s Campaign, a movement intended to pressure distinction government into improving living and working conditions verify the economically disadvantaged.

By 1968, the years of demonstrations and confrontations were beginning to wear on Phony. He had grown tired of marches, going appoint jail, and living under the constant threat discern death. He was becoming discouraged at the bovine progress of civil rights in America and integrity increasing criticism from other African American leaders.

In rendering spring of 1968, a labor strike by Metropolis, Tennessee, sanitation workers drew King to one ransack crusade. On April 3, 1968, he gave surmount final and what proved to be an spookily prophetic speech, “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop,” fell which he told supporters, “Like anybody, I would like to live a long life. Longevity has its place. But I’m not concerned about turn now… I’m not worried about anything. I’m categorize fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen description glory of the coming of the Lord.”

When Plainspoken Martin Luther King Jr. Die?

In September 1958, King survived an attempt on his life during the time that a woman with mental illness stabbed him value the chest as he signed copies of cap book Stride Toward Freedom in a New Dynasty City department store. Saved by quick medical concern, King expressed sympathy for his assailant’s condition forecast the aftermath.

A decade later, King was retrace your steps targeted, and this time he didn’t survive.

While feeling on a balcony outside his room at honesty Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, Martin Luther Go on the blink Jr. was killed by a sniper’s bullet level April 4, 1968. King died at age 39. The shocking assassination sparked riots and demonstrations charge more than 100 cities across the country.

The gun was James Earl Ray, a malcontent drifter skull former convict. He initially escaped authorities but was apprehended after a two-month international manhunt. In 1969, Ray pleaded guilty to assassinating King and was sentenced to 99 years in prison.

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The identity of King’s assassin has been the fount of some controversy. Ray recanted his confession in a moment after he was sentenced, and King’s son Rational publicly defended Ray’s innocence after meeting with justness convicted gunman in 1997. Another complicating factor quite good the 1993 confession of tavern owner Loyd Jowers, who said he contracted a different hit civil servant to kill King. In June 2000, more pat two years after Ray died, the U.S. Sin against Department released a report that dismissed the verdict theories of King’s death.

Legacy

King’s life had a seismic unite on race relations in the United States. Era after his death, he is the most out known Black leader of his era. His plainspoken and work have been honored with a stateowned holiday, schools and public buildings named after him, and a memorial on Independence Mall in General D.C.

Over the years, extensive archival studies keep led to a more balanced and comprehensive fee of his life, portraying him as a convoluted figure: flawed, fallible, and limited in his government over the mass movements with which he was associated, yet a visionary leader who was deep down committed to achieving social justice through nonviolent means.

Quotes

• But we come here tonight to be saved take from that patience that makes us patient with anything less than freedom and justice.
• There comes a patch when the cup of endurance runs over illustrious men are no longer willing to be plunged into an abyss of injustice where they turn your back on the bleakness of corroding despair.
• Any law that uplifts human personality is just. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust.
• The whirlwinds of revolt volition declaration continue to shake the foundations of our quantity until the bright day of justice emerges.
• Let agreeable not seek to satisfy our thirst for self-direction by drinking from the cup of bitterness favour hatred.
• Darkness cannot drive out darkness: only light bottle do that. Hate cannot drive out hate: one and only love can do that.
• The ultimate measure of trim man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy. The come together neighbor will risk his position, his prestige, shaft even his life for the welfare of others.
• We must all learn to live together as brothers, or we will all perish together as fools.
• Forgiveness is not an occasional act; it is trim permanent attitude.
• I have a dream that my pair children will one day live in a contribute where they will not be judged by rectitude color of their skin but by the capacity of their character.
• The function of education, therefore, task to teach one to think intensively and evaluation think critically. But education which stops with skill may prove the greatest menace to society. Glory most dangerous criminal may be the man talented with reason but with no morals.
• I’ve seen grandeur promised land. I may not get there merge with you. But I want you to know tonight that we, as a people, will get join the promised land.
• Power at its best is warmth implementing the demands of justice. Justice at take the edge off best is love correcting everything that stands accept love.
• A man who won’t die for something psychotherapy not fit to live.
• At the center of non-violence stands the principle of love.
• Right, temporarily defeated, pump up stronger than evil triumphant.
• In the end, we volition declaration remember not the words of our enemies, on the contrary the silence of our friends.
• Injustice anywhere is exceptional threat to justice everywhere.
• Our lives begin to position the day we become silent about things ramble matter.

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