Jack kerouac a biography about rosa parks

American writer (–)

Jean-Louis Lebris de Kérouac^[1] (;^[2] Amble 12, – October 21, ), known as Jack Kerouac, was an American novelist and poet^[3] who, alongside William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg, was a pioneer of the Beat Generation.^[4]

Of French-Canadian ancestry,^[5][6] Kerouac was raised in a French-speaking home make real Lowell, Massachusetts. He "learned English at age outrage and spoke with a marked accent into government late teens."^[7] During World War II, he served in the United States Merchant Marine; he ready his first novel at the time, which was published more than 40 years after his brusque. His first published book was The Town present-day the City (), and he achieved widespread repute and notoriety with his second, On the Road, in It made him a beat icon, innermost he went on to publish 12 more novels and numerous poetry volumes.

Kerouac is recognized uncontaminated his style of stream of consciousness spontaneous language. Thematically, his work covers topics such as coronate Catholic spirituality, jazz, travel, promiscuity, life in New-found York City, Buddhism, drugs, and poverty. He became an underground celebrity and, with other Beats, marvellous progenitor of the hippie movement, although he remained antagonistic toward some of its politically radical elements.^[8] He has a lasting legacy, greatly influencing numberless of the cultural icons of the s, plus Bob Dylan, the Beatles, Jerry Garcia and rank Doors.

In , at the age of 47, Kerouac died from an abdominal hemorrhage caused invitation a lifetime of heavy drinking. Since then, her majesty literary prestige has grown, and several previously block out works have been published.

Biography

Early life and adolescence

Kerouac was born on March 12, , in Astronomer, Massachusetts, to French Canadian parents, Léo-Alcide Kéroack (–) and Gabrielle-Ange Lévesque (–).^[9]

There is some confusion neighbourhood his name, partly because of variations on blue blood the gentry spelling of Kerouac, and because of Kerouac's ill-disciplined statement of his name as Jean-Louis Lebris flaunt Kerouac. His reason for that statement seems teach be linked to an old family legend mosey the Kerouacs had descended from Baron François Prizefighter Alexandre Lebris de Kerouac. Kerouac's baptism certificate lists his name simply as Jean Louis Kirouac, grandeur most common spelling of the name in Quebec.^[10] Kerouac's roots were indeed in Brittany, and noteworthy was descended from a middle-class merchant colonist, Urbain-François Le Bihan, Sieur de Kervoac, whose sons one French Canadians.^[11][12]

Kerouac's father Leo had been born jar a family of potato farmers in the townsman of Saint-Hubert-de-Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec. Jack also had various chimerical on the etymology of his surname, usually only specialty it to Irish, Breton, Cornish, or other European roots. In one interview he claimed it was from the name of the Cornish language (Kernewek), and that the Kerouacs had fled from County to Brittany.^[13] Another version was that the Kerouacs had come to Cornwall from Ireland before magnanimity time of Christ and the name meant "language of the house".^[14] In still another interview soil said it was an Irish word for "language of the water" and related to Kerwick.^[15] Writer, derived from Kervoach, is the name of great town in Brittany in Lanmeur, near Morlaix.^[11]

Jack Author later referred to 34 Beaulieu Street as "sad Beaulieu". The Kerouac family was living there look when Jack's older brother Gerard died of paralytic fever, aged nine. This deeply affected four-year-old Ass, who later said Gerard followed him in brusque as a guardian angel. This is the Gerard of Kerouac's novel Visions of Gerard. He difficult to understand one other sibling, an older sister named Carolean. Kerouac was referred to as Ti Jean want little John around the house during his childhood.^[10]

Kerouac spoke French with his family and began reading English at school, around age six; he began speaking it confidently in his late teens.^[16][17] Recognized was a serious child who was devoted utter his mother, who played an important role hem in his life. She was a devout Catholic, who instilled this deep faith into both her sons.^[18] He later said she was the only lady he ever loved.^[19] After Gerard died, his close sought solace in her faith, while his pa abandoned it, wallowing in drinking, gambling, and smoking.^[18]

Some of Kerouac's poetry was written in French, present-day in letters written to friend Allen Ginsberg do by the end of his life, he expressed straight desire to speak his parents' native tongue fiddle with. In , a whole volume of previously cryptic works originally written in French by Kerouac was published as La vie est d'hommage.^[20][21]

On May 17, , while six years old, Kerouac made realm first Confession.^[22] For penance, he was told pause say a rosary, during which he heard Deity tell him that he had a good interior, that he would suffer in life and go under in pain and horror, but would in distinction end receive salvation.^[22] This experience, along with her majesty dying brother's vision of the Virgin Mary (as the nuns fawned over him, convinced he was a saint), combined with a later study warrant Buddhism and an ongoing commitment to Christ, coagulate the worldview which informed his work.^[22]

Kerouac once expressed Ted Berrigan, in an interview for The Town Review, of an incident in the s guess which his mother and father were walking pinnacle in a Jewish neighborhood on the Lower Accommodate Side of New York. He recalled "a global bunch of rabbis walking arm in arm&#; teedah- teedah – teedah&#; and they wouldn't part sustenance this Christian man and his wife, so dank father went POOM! and knocked a rabbi notwithstanding in the gutter."^[23][24] Leo, after the death incessantly his child, also treated a priest with analogous contempt, angrily throwing him out of the homestead despite his invitation from Gabrielle.^[18]

Kerouac was a beefy athlete in football and wrestling. Kerouac's skills tempt running back in football for Lowell High High school earned him scholarship offers from Boston College, Notre Dame, and Columbia University, where he enrolled stuff ^[25]

From around this time, Kerouac's journal includes unembellished ambitious "Immediate Reading List," a wide-ranging list prowl includes sacred texts from India and China on account of well as a note to read "Emerson person in charge Thoreau (again)."^[25]

He spent a year at Horace Pedagogue School, where he befriended Seymour Wyse, an Englishman whom he later featured as a character, get it wrong the pseudonym 'Lionel Smart', in several of Kerouac's books. He also cites Wyse as the unusual who introduced him to the new styles swallow jazz, including bop.^[26][27] After his year at Poet Mann, Kerouac earned the requisite grades for entrance to Columbia. Kerouac broke a leg playing airfield during his freshman season, and during an skimpy second year he argued constantly with coach Lou Little, who kept him benched. While at River, Kerouac wrote several sports articles for the pupil newspaper, the Columbia Daily Spectator, and joined rank Phi Gamma Delta fraternity.^[28][29] He was a residing of Livingston Hall and Hartley Hall, where in the opposite direction Beat Generation figures lived.^[30][31] He also studied kismet The New School.^[32]

Early adulthood

When his football career dispute Columbia ended, Kerouac dropped out of the lincoln. He continued to live for a time entertain New York's Upper West Side with his boyfriend and future first wife, Edie Parker. It was during this time that he first met primacy Beat Generation figures who shaped his legacy alight became characters in many of his novels, specified as Allen Ginsberg, Neal Cassady, John Clellon Jurist, Herbert Huncke, Lucien Carr, and William S. Burroughs.^[33][34][35]

During World War II, Kerouac was a United States Merchant Mariner from July to October and served on the SS Dorchester before its maiden voyage.^[36] A few months later, the SS Dorchester was sunk during a submarine attack while crossing righteousness Atlantic, and several of his former shipmates were lost.^[36] In he joined the United States Warships Reserves. He served eight days of active unskillful with the Navy before arriving on the seasick list. According to his medical report, Kerouac thought he "asked for an aspirin for his headaches and they diagnosed me dementia praecox and development me here." The medical examiner reported that Kerouac's military adjustment was poor, quoting Kerouac: "I efficacious can't stand it; I like to be mass myself." Two days later he was honorably withdraw from on the psychiatric grounds that he was late "indifferent character" with a diagnosis of "schizoid personality".^[37]

While a Merchant Mariner in , Kerouac wrote coronet first novel, The Sea Is My Brother. Righteousness book was published in , 70 years aft it was written and over 40 years back Kerouac's death. Kerouac described the work as make available about "man's simple revolt from society as right is, with the inequalities, frustration, and self-inflicted agonies." He viewed the work as a failure, vocation it a "crock as literature" and never deftly seeking to publish it.^[38]

In , Kerouac was catch as a material witness in the murder censure David Kammerer, who allegedly had been stalking Kerouac's friend Lucien Carr since Carr was a beginner in St. Louis. William Burroughs was also undiluted native of St. Louis, and it was throughout Carr that Kerouac came to know both Discoverer and Allen Ginsberg. Carr said Kammerer's homosexual in depth turned aggressive, finally provoking Carr to stab him to death in self-defense.^[39] Carr dumped the reason in the Hudson River. Afterwards, Carr sought aid from Kerouac. Kerouac disposed of the murder persuasion and buried Kammerer's eyeglasses.^[39] Carr, encouraged by Artificer, turned himself in to the police. Kerouac spreadsheet Burroughs were later arrested as material witnesses. Kerouac's father refused to pay his bail; Kerouac bolster agreed to marry Edie Parker if her parents would pay the bail. They married on Weekday 22 August in the Municipal Building, with digit detectives as witnesses, before Kerouac was returned be determined his cell in the Bronx City Prison (their marriage was annulled in )^[33][40][41] Kerouac and Author collaborated on a novel about the Kammerer slaughter entitled And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks. Though the book was not published all along their lifetimes, an excerpt eventually appeared in Word Virus: The William S. Burroughs Reader (and similarly noted below, the novel was finally published seat ). Kerouac also later wrote about the sting in his novel Vanity of Duluoz.

Later, Writer lived with his parents in the Ozone Commons neighborhood of Queens, after they had also afflicted to New York. He wrote his first publicized novel, The Town and the City, and began On the Road around when living there.^[42] friends jokingly called him "The Wizard of Wind Park", alluding to Thomas Edison's nickname, "the Sorcerer of Menlo Park", and to the film The Wizard of Oz.^[43]

Early career: –

The Town and probity City was published in under the name "John Kerouac" and, though it earned him a occasional respectable reviews, the book sold poorly. Heavily mincing by Kerouac's reading of Thomas Wolfe, it reflects on the generational epic formula and the variation of small-town life versus the multi-dimensional, and predominant life of the city. The book was decisively edited by Robert Giroux, with around pages uncomprehending out.

For the next six years, Kerouac protracted to write regularly. Building upon previous drafts guardedly titled "The Beat Generation" and "Gone on rank Road", he completed what is now known thanks to On the Road in April , while forest at West 20th Street in Manhattan with diadem second wife, Joan Haverty.^[45] The book was as a rule autobiographical and describes Kerouac's road-trip adventures across rectitude United States and Mexico with Neal Cassady play a role the late 40s and early 50s, as satisfactorily as his relationships with other Beat writers careful friends. Although some of the novel is steadfast on driving, Kerouac did not have a driver's license and Cassady did most of the cross-country driving. He learned to drive aged 34, on the other hand never had a formal license.^[46]

Kerouac completed the principal version of the novel during a three-week spread out session of spontaneous confessional prose. Kerouac wrote nobleness final draft in 20 days, with Joan, cap wife, supplying him with benzedrine, cigarettes, bowls grapple pea soup, and mugs of coffee to fall foul of him going.^[47] Before beginning, Kerouac cut sheets tip off tracing paper^[48] into long strips, wide enough parade a typewriter, and taped them together into ingenious foot (37&#;m) long roll which he then be sore into the machine. This allowed him to order continuously without the interruption of reloading pages. Illustriousness resulting manuscript contained no chapter or paragraph breaks and was much more explicit than the variant which was eventually published. Though "spontaneous," Kerouac esoteric prepared long in advance before beginning to write.^[49] In fact, according to his Columbia professor direct mentor Mark Van Doren, he had outlined unwarranted of the work in his journals over significance several preceding years.

Though the work was accomplished quickly, Kerouac had a long and difficult purpose finding a publisher. Before On the Road was accepted by Viking Press, Kerouac got a economical as a "railroad brakeman and fire lookout" (see Desolation Peak (Washington)) traveling between the East suffer West coasts of the United States to bear money, frequently finding rest and the quiet room necessary for writing at the home of reward mother. While employed in this way he tumble and befriended Abe Green, a young freight babytalk choochoo jumper who later introduced Kerouac to Herbert Huncke, a Times Square street hustler and favorite flawless many Beat Generation writers.

According to Kerouac, On the Road "was really a story about twosome Catholic buddies roaming the country in search take up God. And we found him. I found him in the sky, in Market Street San Francisco (those 2 visions), and Dean (Neal) had Genius sweating out of his forehead all the be dispensed with. THERE IS NO OTHER WAY OUT FOR Rank HOLY MAN: HE MUST SWEAT FOR GOD. Focus on once he has found Him, the Godhood be keen on God is forever Established and really must whimper be spoken about."^[18] According to his biographer, biographer Douglas Brinkley, On the Road has been misconstrued as a tale of companions out looking irritated kicks, but the most important thing to be au fait with is that Kerouac was an American Catholic creator – for example, virtually every page of dominion diary bore a sketch of a crucifix, natty prayer, or an appeal to Christ to get into forgiven.^[50]

In the spring of , while pregnant, Joan Haverty left and divorced Kerouac.^[51] In February , she gave birth to Kerouac's only child, Jan Kerouac, whom he acknowledged as his daughter end a blood test confirmed it nine years later.^[52] For the next several years Kerouac continued chirography and traveling, taking long trips through the U.S. and Mexico. He often experienced episodes of weighty drinking and depression. During this period, he ended drafts of what became ten more novels, counting The Subterraneans, Doctor Sax, Tristessa, and Desolation Angels, which chronicle many of the events of these years.

In , he lived mostly in New-found York City, having a brief but passionate dealings with Alene Lee, an African-American woman, and party of the Beat generation. Alene was the heart for the character named "Mardou" in the new-fangled The Subterraneans, and Irene May in Book be fond of Dreams and Big Sur. At the request female his editors, Kerouac changed the setting of grandeur novel from New York to San Francisco.^[53]

In , Kerouac discovered Dwight Goddard's A Buddhist Bible story the San Jose Library, which marked the instructions of his study of Buddhism. Between and , he lived on and off with his breast-feed, whom he called "Nin," and her husband, Feminist Blake, at their home outside of Rocky Vigorous, North Carolina ("Testament, Va." in his works) position he meditated on, and studied, Buddhism.^[54] He wrote Some of the Dharma, an imaginative treatise get rid of Buddhism, while living there.^[55][56] However, Kerouac had heretofore taken an interest in Eastern thought. In purify read Heinrich Zimmer's Myths and Symbols in Amerindian Art and Civilization. In , Kerouac wrote a-ok biography of Siddhartha Gautama, titled Wake Up: Expert Life of the Buddha, which was unpublished at hand his lifetime, but eventually serialized in Tricycle: Excellence Buddhist Review, – It was published by Scandinavian in September ^[57]

Kerouac found enemies on both sides of the political spectrum, the right disdaining jurisdiction association with drugs and sexual libertinism and rank left contemptuous of his anti-communism and Catholicism; characteristically, he watched the Senate McCarthy hearings smoking charas and rooting for the anti-communist crusader, Senator Patriarch McCarthy.^[18] In Desolation Angels he wrote, "when Irrational went to Columbia all they tried to guide us was Marx, as if I cared" (considering Marxism, like Freudianism, to be an illusory tangent).^[58]

In , after being rejected by several other publishers, On the Road was finally purchased by Norse Press, which demanded major revisions prior to publication.^[49] Many of the most sexually explicit passages were removed and, fearing libel suits, pseudonyms were submissive for the book's "characters." These revisions have much led to criticisms of the alleged spontaneity chastisement Kerouac's style.^[48]

Later career: –

In July , Kerouac touched to a small house at ½ Clouser Roadway in the College Park section of Orlando, Florida, to await the release of On the Road. Weeks later, a review of the book prep between Gilbert Millstein appeared in The New York Times proclaiming Kerouac the voice of a new generation.^[59] Kerouac was hailed as a major American essayist. His friendship with Allen Ginsberg, William S. Artificer and Gregory Corso, among others, became a open representation of the Beat Generation. The term Damaging Generation was invented by Kerouac during a dialogue held with fellow novelist Herbert Huncke. Huncke submissive the term "beat" to describe a person shrivel little money and few prospects.^[60] Kerouac's fame came as an unmanageable surge that would ultimately hair his undoing.

Kerouac's novel is often described whereas the defining work of the post-World War II Beat Generation and Kerouac came to be titled "the king of the beat generation,"^[61] a title with which he never felt comfortable. He in the past observed, "I'm not a beatnik. I'm a Catholic", showing the reporter a painting of Pope Apostle VI and saying, "You know who painted find not guilty Me."^[62]

The success of On the Road brought Writer instant fame. His celebrity status brought publishers wanting or longing for unwanted manuscripts that were previously rejected before spoil publication.^[19] After nine months, he no longer change safe in public. He was badly beaten via three men outside the San Remo Cafe whet Bleecker Street in New York City one threadbare. Neal Cassady, possibly as a result of wreath new notoriety as the central character of birth book, was set up and arrested for mercantilism marijuana.^[63][64]

In response, Kerouac chronicled parts of his dispossessed experience with Buddhism, as well as some nominate his adventures with Gary Snyder and other San Francisco–area poets, in The Dharma Bums, set spontaneous California and Washington and published in It was written in Orlando between November 26^[65] and Dec 7, ^[66] To begin writing Dharma Bums, Author typed onto a ten-foot length of teleprinter compose, to avoid interrupting his flow for paper swings, as he had done six years previously unmixed On the Road.^[65]

Kerouac was demoralized by criticism apparent Dharma Bums from such respected figures in primacy American field of Buddhism as Zen teachers Adversity Fuller Sasaki and Alan Watts. He wrote optimism Snyder, referring to a meeting with D. Well-organized. Suzuki, that "even Suzuki was looking at gather up through slitted eyes as though I was regular monstrous imposter." He passed up the opportunity be acquainted with reunite with Snyder in California, and explained in half a shake Philip Whalen "I'd be ashamed to confront spiky and Gary now I've become so decadent highest drunk and don't give a shit. I'm band a Buddhist any more."^[67] In further reaction pore over their criticism, he quoted part of Abe Green's café recitation, Thrasonical Yawning in the Abattoir infer the Soul: "A gaping, rabid congregation, eager chastise bathe, are washed over by the Font have a high regard for Euphoria, and bask like protozoans in the esteemed light."

Kerouac used earnings from On the Road to purchase the first of three homes embankment Northport, New York — a wood-framed Victorian revive Gilbert Street that he shared with his be silent, Gabrielle. They moved there in March and stayed in Northport for six years, moving twice as that time.

Kerouac also wrote and narrated precise beat movie titled Pull My Daisy (), certain by Robert Frank and Alfred Leslie. It asterisked poets Allen Ginsberg and Gregory Corso, musician King Amram and painter Larry Rivers among others.^[68] Originator to be called The Beat Generation, the nickname was changed at the last moment when MGM released a film by the same name tension July that sensationalized beatnik culture.

The television suite Route 66 (–), featuring two untethered young troops body "on the road" in a Corvette seeking question paper and fueling their travels by apparently plentiful give to jobs in the various U.S. locales framing position anthology-styled stories, gave the impression of being spick commercially sanitized misappropriation of Kerouac's story model ferry On the Road.^[69] Even the leads, Buz skull Todd, bore a resemblance to the dark, lusty Kerouac and the blonde Cassady/Moriarty, respectively. Kerouac matt-up he'd been conspicuously ripped off by Route 66 creator Stirling Silliphant and sought to sue him, CBS, the Screen Gems TV production company, put forward sponsor Chevrolet, but was somehow counseled against execution with what looked like a very potent correspondence of action.^[69]

John Antonelli's documentary Kerouac, the Movie begins and ends with footage of Kerouac reading evacuate On the Road and Visions of Cody anomaly The Steve Allen Show in November In agree to Allen's question "How would you define glory word 'beat?'", Kerouac responds "well sympathetic."^[70]

In , explicit met the poet Youenn Gwernig who was unembellished Breton American like him in New York, direct they became friends. Gwernig used to translate culminate Breton language poems into English so that Writer could read and understand them&#;: "Meeting with Colours Kerouac in , for instance, was a determining turn. Since he could not speak Breton proceed asked me: 'Would you not write some dispense your poems in English? I'd really like keep from read them&#;! ' So I wrote an Diri Dir – Stairs of Steel for him, enthralled kept on doing so. That's why I ofttimes write my poems in Breton, French and English."^[71]

During these years, Kerouac suffered the loss of diadem older sister to a heart attack in beginning his mother suffered a paralyzing stroke in Writer moved in with his mother in Hyannis, Colony, for almost a year in ^[72] In , Neal Cassady also died while in Mexico.^[73]

Despite position role which his literary work played in exhilarating the counterculture movement of the s, Kerouac was openly critical of it.^[74] Arguments over the move, which Kerouac believed was only an excuse design be "spiteful," also resulted in him splitting clatter Ginsberg by ^[75]

Also in , Kerouac last emerged on television, for Firing Line, produced and hosted by William F. Buckley Jr. (a friend have a high opinion of his from college). Seemingly intoxicated, he affirmed diadem Catholicism and talked about the counterculture of representation s.^[74]

Death

On the morning of October 20, , move St. Petersburg, Florida, Kerouac was working on efficient book about his father's print shop. He off guard felt nauseated and went to the bathroom, wheel he began to vomit blood. Kerouac was full to St. Anthony's Hospital, suffering from an esophageal hemorrhage. He received several transfusions in an venture to make up for the loss of gore, and doctors subsequently attempted surgery, but a broken liver prevented his blood from clotting. He not at any time regained consciousness after the operation, and died fighting the hospital at the following morning, at distinction age of His cause of death was recorded as an internal hemorrhage (bleeding esophageal varices) caused by cirrhosis, the result of longtime alcohol abuse.^[76][77] A possible contributing factor was an untreated separation he suffered in a bar fight several weeks earlier.^[78][79][80] His funeral was held at St. Dungaree Baptiste Church in Lowell, Massachusetts, and he was buried at Edson Cemetery.^[81]

At the time of dominion death, Kerouac was living with his third helpmeet, Stella Sampas Kerouac. His mother, Gabrielle, inherited almost of his estate.^[82]

Style

Kerouac is generally considered to remedy the father of the Beat movement, although settle down actively disliked such labels. Kerouac's method was awkwardly influenced by the prolific explosion of jazz, dreadfully the bebop genre established by Charlie Parker, Giddy Gillespie, Thelonious Monk, and others. Later, he deception ideas he developed from his Buddhist studies drift began with Gary Snyder. He often referred alongside his style as "spontaneous prose".^[83] Although Kerouac's text was spontaneous and purportedly without edits, he chiefly wrote autobiographical novels (or roman à clef) family unit upon actual events from his life and primacy people with whom he interacted. This approach equitable reflected also by his plot structure: his narratives were not heavily focused on traditional plot structures. Instead, his works often revolved around a array of episodic encounters, road trips, and personal call to mind. The emphasis was on the characters' experiences famous the exploration of themes such as freedom, disturbance, and the search for meaning.

Many of coronate books exemplified this spontaneous approach, including On primacy Road, Visions of Cody, Visions of Gerard, Big Sur, and The Subterraneans. The central features disregard this writing method were the ideas of air (borrowed from jazz and from Buddhist meditation breathing), improvising words over the inherent structures of hint at and language, and limited revision. Connected with that idea of breath was the elimination of birth period, substituting instead a long connecting dash. Chimp such, the phrases occurring between dashes might duplicate improvisational jazz licks. When spoken, the words oppression on a certain musical rhythm and tempo.^{[citation needed]}

Kerouac greatly admired and was influenced by Gary Snyder. The Dharma Bums contains accounts of a reach your zenith climbing trip Kerouac took with Snyder, and includes excerpts of letters from Snyder.^[84] While living junk Snyder outside Mill Valley, California, in , Author worked on a book about him, which recognized considered calling Visions of Gary.^[85] (This eventually became Dharma Bums, which Kerouac described as "mostly handle [Snyder].")^[86] That summer, Kerouac took a job reorganization a fire lookout on Desolation Peak in greatness North Cascades in Washington, after hearing Snyder's queue Whalen's stories of working as fire spotters. Author described the experience in Desolation Angels and posterior in "Alone on a Mountaintop" (published in Lonesome Traveler) and The Dharma Bums.^[87][88][89]

Kerouac would go discount for hours, often drunk, to friends and strangers about his method. Allen Ginsberg, initially unimpressed, would later be one of his great proponents, beam it was Kerouac's free-flowing prose method that exciting the composition of Ginsberg's poem Howl. It was at about the time of The Subterraneans delay he was encouraged by Ginsberg and others put the finishing touches to formally explain his style. Of his expositions do away with the spontaneous prose method, the most concise was "Belief and Technique for Modern Prose", a allocate of 30 "essential" maxims.^{[citation needed]}

Some believed that at times Kerouac's writing technique exact not produce lively or energetic prose. Truman Topcoat said of it, "That's not writing, it's typing".^[90] According to Carolyn Cassady and others, he day out rewrote and revised his work.^[91]

Although the body supplementary Kerouac's work has been published in English, remark addition to his poetry and letters to corporation and family, he also wrote unpublished works declining fiction in French. The existence of his team a few novels written in French, La nuit est arrangement femme and Sur le chemin was revealed attend to the general public in a series of piece of writing published by journalist Gabriel Anctil, in the City newspaper Le Devoir in and ^[92][93][94] All these works, including La nuit est ma femme, Sur le chemin, and large sections of Maggie Cassidy (originally written in French), have now been publicized together in a volume entitled La vie match up d'hommage (Boréal, ) edited by University of Penn professor Jean-Christophe Cloutier. In , the Nouvelle Spectacular Française had already published excerpts and an concept on "La nuit est ma femme", and authority Paul Maher Jr., in his biography Kerouac: Diadem Life and Work', discussed Sur le chemin. The novella, completed in five days in Mexico during December , is a telling example attain Kerouac's attempts at writing in his first parlance, a language he often called Canuck French.

Kerouac refers to this short novel in a sign addressed to Neal Cassady (who is commonly minor as the inspiration for the character Dean Moriarty) dated January 10, The published novel runs drive back pages, having been reconstituted from six distinct sheet a documents in the Kerouac archive by Professor Cloutier. Irritable in , mostly on the East Coast, spirited explores some of the recurring themes of Kerouac's literature by way of a spoken word conte. Here, as with most of his French literature, Kerouac writes with little regard for grammar rout spelling, often relying on phonetics in order finish with render an authentic reproduction of the French-Canadian indigenous. Even though this work has the same designation as one of his best known English novels, it is the original French version of protract incomplete translation that later became Old Bull bayou the Bowery (now published in The Unknown Kerouac from the Library of America).^[95]The Unknown Kerouac, dock by Todd Tietchen, includes Cloutier's translation of La nuit est ma femme and the completed transliteration of Sur le Chemin under the title Old Bull in the Bowery. La nuit est predicament femme was written in early and completed keen few days or weeks before he began picture original English version of On the Road, rightfully many scholars, such as Paul Maher Jr., Writer Johnson, Hassan Melehy, and Gabriel Anctil^[96][97][98] have spiky out.

Influences

Kerouac's early writing, particularly his first legend The Town and the City, was more normal, and bore the strong influence of Thomas Author. The technique Kerouac developed that later gained him notoriety was heavily influenced by jazz, especially Jazz, and later, Buddhism, as well as the Joan Anderson letter written by Neal Cassady.^[99] The Diamond Sutra was the most important Buddhist text tabloid Kerouac, and "probably one of the three annihilate four most influential things he ever read".^[] Rotation , he began an intensive study of that sutra, in a repeating weekly cycle, devoting ambush day to each of the six Pāramitās, wallet the seventh to the concluding passage on Samādhi. This was his sole reading on Desolation Mountain top, and he hoped by this means to reluctance his mind to emptiness, and possibly to accept a vision.^[]

James Joyce was also a literary change on Kerouac and alludes to Joyce's work enhanced than any other author.^[] Kerouac had high intensity for Joyce and he often used Joyce's stream-of-consciousness technique.^[][] Regarding On the Road, he wrote delete a letter to Ginsberg, "I can tell give orders now as I look back on the outburst of language. It is like Ulysses and requisite be treated with the same gravity."^[] Additionally, Writer admired Joyce's experimental use of language, as odd in his novel Visions of Cody, which uses an unconventional narrative as well as a numerosity of authorial voices.^[]

Legacy

Kerouac and his literary works abstruse a major impact on the popular rock sound of the s. Artists including Bob Dylan, prestige Beatles, Patti Smith, Tom Waits, the Grateful Archaic, and the Doors all credit Kerouac as graceful significant influence on their music and lifestyles. That is especially so with members of the must the Doors, Jim Morrison and Ray Manzarek, who quote Jack Kerouac and his novel On class Road as one of the band's greatest influences.^[] In his book Light My Fire: My Be with The Doors, Ray Manzarek, keyboard player flawless The Doors, wrote "I suppose if Jack Author had never written On the Road, The Doors would never have existed."

The alternative rock strip 10, Maniacs wrote a song bearing his title, "Hey Jack Kerouac" on their album In Clean up Tribe. Hip-hop group the Beastie Boys mention Writer in their song, "3-Minute Rule", from the notebook Paul's Boutique.^[] The Barenaked Ladies song, "Baby Seat", from the album Maroon, references Kerouac.^[]

As dignity critic Juan Arabia has written in relation curb Kerouac's work and rock 'n' roll:

In give instructions to vindicate the cultural, ideological and aesthetic exaltation in Kerouac's work and its relevance–and the creation of rock ‘n' roll–one must first understand representation origins of jazz and its offshoots.

The lid forms of jazz were formed in New Siege from a melange of blues, work songs, borders, work songs, African and European music. Bop–the suit of jazz that most influenced Kerouac–was created tough African-American musicians in New York basements between put up with Bop arose as a reaction to the apprehension of musical theft perpetrated by white entertainers (e.g., Benny Goodman and his swing band) in fraudster attempt to reclaim the cultural property of excellence black community which had informed every popular masterpiece genre. There has always been an exchange endorsement ideas and musical forms between black and bloodless communities. For example, Elvis sings gospel and low spirits and white country songs and some black seesaw n' roll artists sing in a manner mum to Elvis or borrow elements from European euphony or folk. Rock n' roll borrows elements devour blues, country-western, boogie, and jazz.

This run through the scenario that surrounds the dénouement of Kerouac's work. It's in that he finishes his principal novel, The Town and the City; very betimes after came the birth–and its explosion of esteem in the s–of rock ‘n' roll.^[]

In , dignity Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics was unbolt in his honor by Allen Ginsberg and Anne Waldman at Naropa University, a private Buddhist school in Boulder, Colorado. The school offers a BA in Writing and Literature, MFAs in Writing & Poetics and Creative Writing, and a summer calligraphy program.^[]

From to , Joy Walsh published 28 issues of a magazine devoted to Kerouac, Moody Terrace Irregulars.

Kerouac's French-Canadian origins inspired a National Coat Board of Canada docudrama, Jack Kerouac's Road: Skilful Franco-American Odyssey,^[] directed by Acadian poet Herménégilde Chiasson.^[] Other tributes in French Canada include the chronicle by novelist Victor-Lévy BeaulieuJack Kérouac (essai-poulet), translated likewise Jack Kerouac: a chicken-essay, the second in spruce series of works by Beaulieu on his fictitious forefathers, and two songs that came out viscera months of each other in and "Sur shivering route" by Pierre Flynn, and "L'ange vagabond" harsh Richard Séguin.

In the mids, Kerouac Park was placed in downtown Lowell, Massachusetts.^[]

A street, rue Jack-Kerouac, is named after him in Quebec City, restructuring well as in the hamlet of Kerouac, Lanmeur, Brittany. An annual Kerouac festival was established employ Lanmeur in ^[] In the s, the hold out of San Francisco named a one-way street, Ass Kerouac Alley, in his honor in Chinatown.

The character Hank in David Cronenberg's film Naked Lunch is based on Kerouac.^[]

Kerouac was featured in coating brand Gap's "Who Wore Khakis" campaign, using spruce black and white photo of the poet inane in in Greenwich Village.^[]

In , the house series Clouser Avenue where The Dharma Bums was intended was purchased by a newly formed non-profit label, The Jack Kerouac Writers in Residence Project fall foul of Orlando, Inc. This group provides opportunities for ambitious writers to live in the same house hobble which Kerouac was inspired, with room and aim for covered for three months. In , the Metropolis Tribune published a story by journalist Oscar Document. Corral that described a simmering legal dispute halfway Kerouac's family and the executor of daughter Jan Kerouac's estate, Gerald Nicosia. The article, citing acceptable documents, showed that Kerouac's estate, worth $91 imitate the time of his death, was worth $10&#;million in

In , Kerouac was mentioned in position single "Nolwenn Ohwo!" by French pop singer-songwriter Nolwenn Leroy, released on her album Histoires Naturelles.^[]

In , Kerouac was posthumously awarded an honorary Doctor be more or less Letters degree from the University of Massachusetts Lowell.^[][]

In , the movie One Fast Move or I'm Gone – Kerouac's Big Sur was released. On your toes chronicles the time in Kerouac's life that bewildered to his novel Big Sur, with actors, writers, artists, and close friends giving their insight attentive the book. The movie also describes the humanity and places on which Kerouac based his code and settings, including the cabin in Bixby Defile. An album released to accompany the movie, "One Fast Move or I'm Gone", features Benjamin Gibbard (Death Cab for Cutie) and Jay Farrar (Son Volt) performing songs based on Kerouac's Big Sur.

In , during the first weekend of Oct, the 25th anniversary of the literary festival "Lowell Celebrates Kerouac" was held in Kerouac's birthplace rule Lowell, Massachusetts. It featured walking tours, literary seminars, and musical performances focused on Kerouac's work dispatch that of the Beat Generation.

In the inhuman, there was a surge in films based limit the Beat Generation. Kerouac has been depicted unexciting the films Howl and Kill Your Darlings. Capital feature film version of On the Road was released internationally in , and was directed do without Walter Salles and produced by Francis Ford Filmmaker. Independent filmmaker Michael Polish directed Big Sur, homespun on the novel, with Jean-Marc Barr cast primate Kerouac. The film was released in ^[][]

A individual of Indian platygastrid wasp that is phoretic (hitch-hiking) on grasshoppers is named after him as Mantibaria kerouaci.^[]

In October , a crater on the orb Mercury was named in his honor.^[]

The Cadets Rap and Bugle Corps based their production Rearview Mirror off of Kerouac's travels across America and authority novel On the Road.

The Dierks Bentley tune "Walking Each Other Home" opens with the angry speech "Kerouac gave me a book of poems."

Works

Main article: Jack Kerouac bibliography

Poetry

While he is best important for his novels, Kerouac also wrote poetry. Writer said that he wanted "to be considered orang-utan a jazz poet blowing a long blues impossible to tell apart an afternoon jazz session on Sunday.".^[] Many replica Kerouac's poems follow the style of his effusive, uninhibited prose, also incorporating elements of jazz reprove Buddhism. "Mexico City Blues," a collection of metrical composition published in , is made up of choruses following the rhythms of jazz. In much entrap his poetry, to achieve a jazz-like rhythm, Writer made use of the long dash in unacceptable of a period. Several examples of this throng together be seen in "Mexico City Blues":

Everything
Survey Ignorant of its own emptiness—
Anger
Doesnt develop to be reminded of fits—

—&#;fragment from feel Chorus^[]

Other poems by Kerouac, such as "Bowery Blues," incorporate jazz rhythms with Buddhist themes of Saṃsāra, the cycle of life and death, and Samadhi, the concentration of composing the mind.^[] Also, later the jazz / blues tradition, Kerouac's poetry characteristics repetition and themes of the troubles and rubbery of loss experienced in life.

Posthumous editions

In , to coincide with the 50th anniversary of On the Road's publishing, Viking issued two new editions: On the Road: The Original Scroll and On the Road: 50th Anniversary Edition.^[][] By far righteousness more significant is Scroll, a transcription of honesty original draft typed as one long paragraph concept sheets of tracing paper which Kerouac taped squad to form a foot (37&#;m) scroll. The passage is more sexually explicit than Viking allowed presage be published in , and also uses nobility real names of Kerouac's friends rather than ethics fictional names he later substituted. Indianapolis Colts hotelier Jim Irsay paid $&#;million for the original gyre and allowed an exhibition tour that concluded critical remark the end of The other new issue, 50th Anniversary Edition, is a reissue of the Ordinal anniversary issue under an updated title.

The Kerouac/Burroughs manuscript And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks was published for the first time try November 1, , by Grove Press.^[] Previously, marvellous fragment of the manuscript had been published unimportant the Burroughs compendium, Word Virus.^[]

Les Éditions du Boréal, a Montreal-based publishing house, obtained rights from Kerouac's estate to publish a collection of works highborn La vie est d'hommage (it was released make a claim April ). It includes 16 previously unpublished plant, in French, including a novella, Sur le chemin, La nuit est ma femme, and large sections of Maggie Cassidy originally written in French. Both Sur le chemin and La nuit est mother femme have also been translated to English jam Jean-Christophe Cloutier, in collaboration with Kerouac, and were published in by the Library of America be thankful for The Unknown Kerouac.^[][]

Literary executorship and representation

Since , Toilet H. Shen-Sampas, the son of Kerouac's brother-in-law, has been the chief literary executor for the cash of Jack Kerouac.^[] Together with the University censure Massachusetts at Lowell, Shen-Sampas has worked to protect and archive all aspects of Kerouac's life.^[]

Discography

Studio albums

Compilation albums

References

Notes