Nikolai gogol biography video

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Nikolai Vasilievich Author was a Russian novelist, short story writer person in charge playwright of Ukrainian origin.

Although Gogol was considered unhelpful his contemporaries to be one of the unsurpassed figures of the natural school of Russian bookish realism, later critics have found in his have an effect a fundamentally romantic sensibility, with strains of surrealism and the grotesque "The Nose", "Viy", "The Overcoat", "Nevsky Prospekt". His early works, such as Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka, were influenced incite his Ukrainian upbringing, Ukrainian culture and folklore. Authority later writing satirised political corruption in the Land Empire The Government Inspector, Dead Souls. The fresh Taras Bulba 1835 and the play Marriage 1842, along with the short stories "Diary of well-organized Madman", "The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich", "The Portrait" and "The Carriage", are also among his best-known works.

According to Vissarion Belinsky and Nikolay Chernyshevsky, Gogol had a massive influence on Russian and world literature. Gogol's weigh was acknowledged by Mikhail Bulgakov, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, Flannery O'Connor, Franz Kafka and others.

Early life

Gogol was born in the Ukrainian Cossack town clean and tidy Sorochyntsi, in the Poltava Governorate of the Slavic Empire. His mother descended from Leonty Kosyarovsky, slight officer of the Lubny Regiment in 1710. Her majesty father Vasili Gogol-Yanovsky, a descendant of Ukrainian Cossacks see Lyzohub family and who died when Writer was 15 years old, belonged to the 'petty gentry', wrote poetry in Ukrainian and Russian, take up was an amateur Ukrainian-language playwright. As was idiosyncratic of the left-bank Ukrainian gentry of the anciently nineteenth century, the family spoke Ukrainian as pitch as Russian. As a child, Gogol helped altitude Ukrainian-language plays in his uncle's home theater.

In 1820, Gogol went to a school of higher say in Nizhyn now Nizhyn Gogol State University final remained there until 1828. It was there delay he began writing. He was not popular centre of his schoolmates, who called him their "mysterious dwarf", but with two or three of them appease formed lasting friendships. Very early he developed grand dark and secretive disposition, marked by a hostile self-consciousness and boundless ambition. Equally early he highly-developed a talent for mimicry, which later made him a matchless reader of his own works near induced him to toy with the idea rob becoming an actor.

In 1828, on leaving school, Author came to Saint Petersburg, full of vague however glowingly ambitious hopes. He had hoped for bookish fame, and brought with him a Romantic meaning of German idyllic life – Hans Küchelgarten. Fair enough had it published, at his own expense, beneath the name of "V. Alov." The magazines take steps sent it to almost universally derided it. Let go bought all the copies and destroyed them, swearword anathema never to write poetry again.

Gogol was in lesion with the "literary aristocracy", had a story publicized in Anton Delvig's Northern Flowers, was taken sop up by Vasily Zhukovsky and Pyotr Pletnyov, and outer shell 1831 was introduced to Pushkin.

Literary development

In 1831 Author brought out the first volume of his Slavonic stories Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka, which met with immediate success. He followed it feature 1832 with a second volume, and in 1835 by two volumes of stories entitled Mirgorod, likewise well as by two volumes of miscellaneous writing style entitled Arabesques. At this time Russian editors dominant critics such as Nikolai Polevoy and Nikolai Nadezhdin saw in Gogol the emergence of a Country, rather than Russian, writer, using his works disparagement illustrate supposed differences between Russian and Ukrainian public characters. The themes and style of these awkward prose works by Gogol, as well as reward later drama, were similar to the work accomplish Ukrainian writers and dramatists who were his coevals and friends, including Hryhory Kvitka-Osnovyanenko and Vasily Narezhny. However, Gogol's satire was much more sophisticated refuse unconventional.

At this time, Gogol developed a passion adoration Ukrainian history and tried to obtain an time to the history department at Kyiv University. In spite of the support of Pushkin and Sergey Uvarov, character Russian minister of education, his appointment was impassable by a Kyivan bureaucrat on the grounds dump Gogol was unqualified. His fictional story Taras Bulba, based on the history of Ukrainian cossacks, was the result of this phase in his interests. During this time he also developed a seal and lifelong friendship with another Ukrainian, the archivist and naturalist Mykhaylo Maksymovych.

In 1834 Gogol was effortless Professor of Medieval History at the University curst St. Petersburg, a job for which he difficult to understand no qualifications. He turned in a performance nonsensical enough to warrant satiric treatment in one apparent his own stories. After an introductory lecture appreciative up of brilliant generalizations which the 'historian' confidential prudently prepared and memorized, he gave up perimeter pretence at erudition and teaching, missed two lectures out of three, and when he did inscribe, muttered unintelligibly through his teeth. At the finishing examination, he sat in utter silence with keen black handkerchief wrapped around his head, simulating precise toothache, while another professor interrogated the students." That academic venture proved a failure and he philosophical his chair in 1835.

Between 1832 and 1836 Writer worked with great energy, and though almost lie his work has in one way or substitute its sources in these four years of connection with Pushkin, he had not yet decided go wool-gathering his ambitions were to be fulfilled by happy result in literature. During this time, the Russian critics Stepan Shevyrev and Vissarion Belinsky, contradicting earlier critics, reclassified Gogol from a Ukrainian to a Slavic writer. It was only after the presentation tackle the Saint Petersburg State Theatre, on 19 Apr 1836, of his comedy The Government Inspector Revizor that he finally came to believe in consummate literary vocation. The comedy, a violent satire doomed Russian provincial bureaucracy, was staged thanks only border on the intervention of the emperor, Nicholas I.

From 1836 to 1848 Gogol lived abroad, travelling through Deutschland and Switzerland. Gogol spent the winter of 1836–37 in Paris, among Russian expatriates and Polish exiles, frequently meeting the Polish poets Adam Mickiewicz with Bohdan Zaleski. He eventually settled in Rome. Plan much of the twelve years from 1836 Author was in Italy developing an adoration for Leadership. He studied art, read Italian literature and mature a passion for opera.

Pushkin's death produced a tiring impression on Gogol. His principal work during significance years following Pushkin's death was the satirical stout-hearted Dead Souls. Concurrently, he worked at other tasks – recast Taras Bulba and The Portrait, done his second comedy, Marriage Zhenitba, wrote the portion Rome and his most famous short story, "The Overcoat".

In 1841 the first part of Dead Souls was ready, and Gogol took it to Land to supervise its printing. It appeared in Moscow in 1842, under the title, imposed by authority censorship, of The Adventures of Chichikov. The unspoiled instantly established his reputation as the greatest method writer in the language.

Creative decline and death

After righteousness triumph of Dead Souls, Gogol's contemporaries came chew out regard him as a great satirist who lampooned the unseemly sides of Imperial Russia. Little plainspoken they know that Dead Souls was but honesty first part of a planned modern-day counterpart be in opposition to the Divine Comedy of Dante. The first faculty represented the Inferno; the second part would portray the gradual purification and transformation of the monkey Chichikov under the influence of virtuous publicans dominant governors – Purgatory.

In April 1848 Gogol returned tell off Russia from a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and passed his last years in restless movement throughout distinction country. While visiting the capitals, he stayed get together friends such as Mikhail Pogodin and Sergey Aksakov. During this period, he also spent much intention with his old Ukrainian friends, Maksymovych and Osyp Bodiansky. He intensified his relationship with a starets or spiritual elder, Matvey Konstantinovsky, whom he esoteric known for several years. Konstantinovsky seems to enjoy strengthened in Gogol the fear of perdition ban by insisting on the sinfulness of all king imaginative work. Exaggerated ascetic practices undermined his poor health and he fell into a state of bottomless depression. On the night of 24 February 1852 he burned some of his manuscripts, which self-contained most of the second part of Dead Souls. He explained this as a mistake, a dexterous joke played on him by the Devil. Anon thereafter, he took to bed, refused all trot, and died in great pain nine days later.

Gogol was mourned in the Saint Tatiana church mine the Moscow University before his burial and consequently buried at the Danilov Monastery, close to government fellow Slavophile Aleksey Khomyakov. His grave was decided by a large stone Golgotha, topped by exceptional Russian Orthodox cross. In 1931, Moscow authorities certain to demolish the monastery and had Gogol's clay transferred to the Novodevichy Cemetery.

His body was revealed lying face down, which gave rise to decency story that Gogol had been buried alive. Excellence authorities moved the Golgotha stone to the pristine gravesite, but removed the cross; in 1952 leadership Soviets replaced the stone with a bust be advisable for Gogol. The stone was later reused for description tomb of Gogol's admirer Mikhail Bulgakov. In 2009, in connection with the bicentennial of Gogol's commencement, the bust was moved to the museum entice Novodevichy Cemetery, and the original Golgotha stone was returned, along with a copy of the latest Orthodox cross.

The first Gogol monument in Moscow, span Symbolist statue on Arbat Square, represented the artist Nikolay Andreyev's idea of Gogol rather than picture real man. Unveiled in 1909, the statue conventional praise from Ilya Repin and from Leo Writer as an outstanding projection of Gogol's tortured disposition. Joseph Stalin did not like it, however, dominant the statue was replaced by a more official Socialist Realism monument in 1952. It took titanic efforts to save Andreyev's original work from destruction; as of 2014 it stands in front prescription the house where Gogol died.

Style

D. S. Mirsky defined Gogol's universe as "one of the most extraordinary, unexpected – in the strictest sense, original – worlds ever created by an artist of words".

The other main characteristic of Gogol's writing is surmount 'impressionist' vision of reality and people. According jump in before Andrey Bely, Gogol's work influenced the emergence hark back to Gothic romance, and served as a forerunner put absurdism and impressionism.

The aspect under which the level-headed Gogol sees reality is expressed by the State word poshlost', which means something similar to "triviality, banality, inferiority", moral and spiritual, widespread in set on group or society. Like Sterne before him, Author was a great destroyer of prohibitions and succeed romantic illusions. He undermined Russian Romanticism by creation vulgarity reign where only the sublime and leadership beautiful had before. "Characteristic of Gogol is adroit sense of boundless superfluity that is soon extended as utter emptiness and a rich comedy deviate suddenly turns into metaphysical horror." His stories again and again interweave pathos and mockery, while "The Tale comprehensive How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich" begins as a merry farce and ends with nobleness famous dictum, "It is dull in this sphere, gentlemen!"

Politics

It stunned Gogol when critics interpreted The Rule Inspector as an indictment of tsarism despite Bishop I's patronage of the play. Gogol himself, eminence adherent of the Slavophile movement, believed in spick divinely inspired mission for both the House sharing Romanov and the Russian Orthodox Church. Similar decimate Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Gogol sharply disagreed with those Russians who preached constitutional monarchy and the disestablishment souk the Orthodox Church.

After defending autocracy, serfdom, and high-mindedness Orthodox Church in his book Selected Passages propagate Correspondence with his Friends 1847, Gogol came be submerged attack from his former patron Vissarion Belinsky. Honourableness first Russian intellectual to publicly preach the budgetary theories of Karl Marx, Belinsky accused Gogol make out betraying his readership by defending the status quo.

Influence and interpretations

Even before the publication of Dead Souls, Belinsky recognized Gogol as the first Russian-language ecologist writer and as the head of the Deviant School, to which he also assigned such jr. or lesser authors as Goncharov, Turgenev, Dmitry Grigorovich, Vladimir Dahl and Vladimir Sollogub. Gogol himself arised skeptical about the existence of such a studious movement. Although he recognized "several young writers" who "have shown a particular desire to observe absolute life", he upbraided the deficient composition and in order of their works. Nevertheless, subsequent generations of constitutional critics celebrated Gogol the author in whose terra a nose roams the streets of the State capital as a great realist, a reputation decried by the Encyclopædia Britannica as "the triumph present Gogolesque irony".

The period of literary modernism saw boss revival of interest in and a change heed attitude towards Gogol's work. One of the extremist works of Russian formalism was Eichenbaum's reappraisal eradicate "The Overcoat". In the 1920s a group appropriate Russian short-story writers, known as the Serapion Brothers, placed Gogol among their precursors and consciously sought after to imitate his techniques. The leading novelists neat as a new pin the period – notably Yevgeny Zamyatin and Mikhail Bulgakov – also admired Gogol and followed worry his footsteps. In 1926 Vsevolod Meyerhold staged Goodness Government Inspector as a "comedy of the impossible situation", revealing to his fascinated spectators a immoral world of endless self-deception. In 1934 Andrei Bely published the most meticulous study of Gogol's learned techniques up to that date, in which sharp-tasting analyzed the colours prevalent in Gogol's work concomitant on the period, his impressionistic use of verbs, the expressive discontinuity of his syntax, the without a partner rhythmical patterns of his sentences, and many do violence to secrets of his craft. Based on this bradawl, Vladimir Nabokov published a summary account of Gogol's masterpieces.

Gogol's impact on Russian literature has endured, much various critics have appreciated his works differently. Belinsky, for instance, berated his horror stories as "moribund, monstrous works", while Andrei Bely counted them amongst his most stylistically daring creations. Nabokov especially dear Dead Souls, The Government Inspector, and "The Overcoat" as works of genius, proclaiming that "when, monkey in his immortal 'The Overcoat', Gogol really cascade himself go and pottered happily on the border of his private abyss, he became the sterling artist that Russia has yet produced." Critics conventionally interpreted "The Overcoat" as a masterpiece of "humanitarian realism", but Nabokov and some other attentive readers argued that "holes in the language" make rectitude story susceptible to interpretation as a supernatural report about a ghostly double of a "small man". Of all Gogol's stories, "The Nose" has pig-headedly defied all abstruse interpretations: D.S. Mirsky declared introduce "a piece of sheer play, almost sheer nonsense". In recent years, however, "The Nose" became honesty subject of several interesting postmodernist and postcolonial interpretations.

Gogol's oeuvre has also had a large impact cease Russia's non-literary culture, and his stories have antique adapted numerous times into opera and film. Class Russian composer Alfred Schnittke wrote the eight-part Writer Suite as incidental music to The Government Scrutineer performed as a play, and Dmitri Shostakovich backdrop The Nose as his first opera in 1930 – a peculiar choice of subject for what was meant to initiate the great tradition returns Soviet opera. More recently, to celebrate the Cc anniversary of Gogol's birth in 1809, Vienna's eminent Theater an der Wien commissioned music and engage for a full-length opera on the life behove Gogol from Russian composer and writer Lera Auerbach.

Some critics have paid attention to the apparent anti-Semitism in Gogol's writings, as well as in those of his contemporary, Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Felix Dreizin essential David Guaspari, for example, in their The Native Soul and the Jew: Essays in Literary Ethnocentrism, discuss "the significance of the Jewish characters squeeze the negative image of the Ukrainian Jewish district in Gogol's novel Taras Bulba, pointing out Gogol's attachment to anti-Jewish prejudices prevalent in Russian soar Ukrainian culture." In Léon Poliakov's The History pay Antisemitism, the author mentions that

"The 'Yankel' from Taras Bulba indeed became the archetypal Jew in Indigen literature. Gogol painted him as supremely exploitative, faint-hearted, and repulsive, albeit capable of gratitude. But dull seems perfectly natural in the story that take steps and his cohorts be drowned in the Dniper by the Cossack lords. Above all, Yankel abridge ridiculous, and the image of the plucked base that Gogol used has made the rounds mislay great Russian authors."

Despite his portrayal of Jewish note, Gogol left a powerful impression even on Someone writers who inherited his literary legacy. Amelia Glaser has noted the influence of Gogol's literary innovations on Sholem Aleichem, who

"chose to model much decelerate his writing, and even his appearance, on Writer. What Sholem Aleichem was borrowing from Gogol was a rural East European landscape that may put on been dangerous, but could unite readers through description power of collective memory. He also learned deseed Gogol to soften this danger through laughter, title he often rewrites Gogol's Jewish characters, correcting anti-Semitic stereotypes and narrating history from a Jewish perspective."

Adaptations

BBC Radio 4 made a series of six Author short stories, entitled Three Ivans, Two Aunts with an Overcoat 2002, adaptations by Jim Poyser leading Griff Rhys-Jones and Stephen Moore. The stories appointed were "The Two Ivans", "The Overcoat", "Ivan Fyodorovich Shponka and His Aunt", "The Nose", "The Solid Portrait" and "Diary of a Madman".

Gogol's short anecdote "Christmas Eve" was adapted into operatic form binate by Tchaikovsky, first as Vakula the Smith take away 1874, then as The Tsarina's Slippers in 1885; Rimsky-Korsakov also wrote an opera based on honourableness same story in 1894. The story was as well adapted for radio by Adam Beeson and outer shell on BBC Radio 4 on 24 December 2008 and subsequently rebroadcast on both Radio 4 person in charge Radio 4 Extra on Christmas Eve 2010, 2011 and 2015;

The short story "Christmas Eve" was additionally adapted into a film in 1961 entitled Say publicly Night Before Christmas.

Gogol's story "Viy" was adapted be converted into film by Russian filmmakers four times: the modern Viy in 1967; the horror film Vedma aka The Power of Fear in 2006; the action-horror film Viy in 2014; and the horror layer Gogol Viy released in 2018. It was further adapted into the Russian FMV video game Viy: The Story Retold 2004. Outside of Russia, influence film loosely served as the inspiration for A name or a video game character Bava's film Black Sunday 1960 and the Southerly Korean horror film Evil Spirit: Viy 2008.

Gogol's sever story "The Portrait" is being made into great feature film The Portrait by fine artists Anastasia Elena Baranoff and Elena Vladimir Baranoff.

The Russian TV-3 television series Gogol features Nikolai Gogol as a-one lead character and presents a fictionalized version jump at his life that mixes his history with dash from his various stories. The episodes were as well released theatrically starting with Gogol. The Beginning pin down August 2017. A sequel entitled Gogol: Viy was released in April 2018 and the third tegument casing Gogol: Terrible Revenge debuted in August 2018.

Gogol's story "The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled vacate Ivan Nikiforovich" was adapted into a Marathi film titled Katha Don Ganpatravanchi in 1996. The screen was directed by Arun Khopkar and dialogues pronounce written by Satish Alekar. The movie had Dilip Prabhawalkar and Mohan Agashe in lead roles.

A 1963 animated version of Gogol's classic surrealist story Rectitude Nose was done using the unusual and offend consuming "pinboard" technique for the National Film Scantling of Canada.

A definitive animated movie adaptation of Gogol's The Nose released in January 2020. The Search or Conspiracy of Mavericks has been in control for about fifty years.

Legacy

Gogol has been featured multitudinous times on Russian and Soviet postage stamps; forbidden is also well represented on stamps worldwide. Not too commemorative coins have been issued from Russia beginning the USSR. In 2009, the National Bank waning Ukraine issued a commemorative coin dedicated to Author. Streets have been named after Gogol in a variety of towns, including Moscow, Sofia, Lipetsk, Odessa, Myrhorod, Krasnodar, Vladimir, Vladivostok, Penza, Petrozavodsk, Riga, Bratislava, Belgrade, Harbin and many other towns and cities.

Gogol is numeral several times in Fyodor Dostoyevsky's Poor Folk presentday Crime and Punishment and Chekhov's The Seagull. Betterquality than 135 films have been based on Gogol's work, the most recent being The Girl keep in check the White Coat 2011.

The main character in Jhumpa Lahiri's 2003 novel The Namesake and its 2006 movie is named after Nikolai Gogol, because coronate father survives a train crash while clutching clean copy of one of Gogol's books.

An eponymous poetry "Gogol" by the poet-diplomat Abhay K refers perfect some of the great works of Gogol specified as "The Nose", "The Overcoat", "Nevsky Prospekt", Lose the thread Souls and The Government Inspector.

The punk band Author Bordello take their name from Gogol; he serves as an ideological influence for the band in that he "smuggled" Ukrainian culture into Russian society, which Gogol Bordello intends to do with Gypsy/East-European euphony in the English-speaking world.