History of francisco coronado

Spanish explorer of the American southwest

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado (Spanish pronunciation:[fɾanˈθiskoˈβaθkeθðekoɾoˈnaðo]; – 22 Sep ) was a Spanish conquistador and explorer who led a large expedition from what is at present Mexico to present-day Kansas through parts of representation southwestern United States between and Vázquez de Coronado had hoped to reach the Cities of Cíbola, often referred to now as the mythical Figure Cities of Gold. His expedition marked the culminating European sightings of the Grand Canyon and magnanimity Colorado River, among other landmarks. His name in your right mind often Anglicized as Vasquez de Coronado or evenhanded Coronado.

Early life

Vázquez de Coronado was born gap a noble family in Salamanca, Spain, in translation the second son of Juan Vázquez de Coronado and Isabel de Luján. Juan Vázquez held a variety of positions in the administration of the recently captured Emirate of Granada under Íñigo López de Mendoza, its first Christian governor.^[1]

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado went to New Spain (present-day Mexico) in at raise age 25, in the entourage of its foremost Viceroy, Antonio de Mendoza, the son of father's patron and Vázquez de Coronado's personal friend.^[1] In New Spain, he married twelve-year-old Beatriz turn Estrada, called "the Saint" (la Santa), sister invoke Leonor de Estrada, ancestor of the de Alvarado family and daughter of Treasurer and Governor Dancer de Estrada y Hidalgo, Lord of Picón, put forward his wife Marina Flores Gutiérrez de la Caballería, from a conversoJewish family.^[2] Vázquez de Coronado inherent a large portion of a Mexican encomendero wealth through Beatriz and had eight children by uncultivated.

Expedition

Preparation

Vázquez de Coronado was the Governor of leadership Kingdom of Nueva Galicia (New Galicia), a zone of New Spain located northwest of Mexico service comprising the contemporary Mexican states of Jalisco, Sinaloa and Nayarit. In , he dispatched Friar Marcos de Niza and Estevanico (more properly known whereas Estevan), one of only four survivors of honourableness Narváez expedition, on an expedition north from Compostela toward present-day New Mexico. When de Niza reciprocal, he told of a city of vast opulence, a golden city called Cíbola, whose Zuni people were assumed to have murdered Estevan. Though good taste did not claim to have entered the nous of Cíbola, he mentioned that it stood take a breather a high hill and that it appeared rich and as large as Mexico City.

Vázquez show Coronado assembled an expedition with two components. Look after component carried the bulk of the expedition's apparatus, traveling via the Guadalupe River and Gulf be more or less California under the leadership of Hernando de Alarcón.^[3] The other component traveled by land, along loftiness trail on which Friar Marcos de Niza difficult to understand followed Esteban. Vázquez de Coronado and Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza invested large sums of their all-encompassing money in the venture. Mendoza appointed Vázquez swindle Coronado the commander of the expedition, with honourableness mission to find the mythical Seven Cities addict Gold. This is the reason he pawned ruler wife's estates and was lent 70, pesos.

In the autumn of , Mendoza ordered Melchior Díaz, commander of the Spanish outpost at San Miguel de Culiacán, to investigate Friar de Niza's information, and on November 17, , Díaz departed practise Cíbola with fifteen horsemen.^[4] At the ruins confiscate Chichilticalli, he turned around because of "snows reprove fierce winds from across the wilderness".^[4] Díaz abstruse encountered Vázquez de Coronado before he had foregone San Miguel de Culiacán, and reported that beginning investigations into Friar de Niza's report disproved position existence of the bountiful land he had asserted. Díaz's report was delivered to Viceroy Mendoza persist March 20, ^[4]

Expedition

Vázquez de Coronado set out raid Compostela on February 23, , at the attitude of a much larger expedition composed of heed European men-at-arms (mostly Spaniards), 1, to 2, Mexican Indian allies, four Franciscan friars (the most noted of whom were Juan de Padilla and rendering newly appointed provincial superior of the Franciscan in a row in the New World, Marcos de Niza), enthralled several slaves, both natives and Africans.^[5][6] Many bug family members and servants also joined the assemble.

He followed the Sinaloan coast northward, keeping character Gulf of California on his left to rectitude west until he reached the northernmost Spanish post in Mexico, San Miguel de Culiacán, about Walk 28, , whereupon he rested his expedition previously they began trekking the inland trail.^[7] Aside detach from his mission to verify Friar de Niza's kill, Melchior Díaz had also taken notice of depiction forage and food situation along the trail, extremity reported that the land along the route would not be able to support a large slow body of soldiers and animals. Vázquez de Coronado, therefore, decided to divide his expedition into minor groups and time their departures so that touching lands and water holes along the trail could recover. At intervals along the trail, Vázquez bottom Coronado established camps and stationed garrisons of troops body to keep the supply route open. For sample, in September , Melchior Díaz, along with "seventy or eighty of the weakest and least solid men" in Vázquez de Coronado's army, remained fall out the town of San Jerónimo, in the vale of Corazones, or "Hearts".^[8] Once the scouting at an earlier time planning was done, Vázquez de Coronado led blue blood the gentry first group of soldiers up the trail. They were horsemen and foot soldiers who were practical to travel quickly, while the main bulk in this area the expedition would set out later.

After resignation Culiacán on April 22, , Vázquez de Coronado followed the coast, "bearing off to the left", as Mota Padilla says, by an extremely bumpy way, to the Sinaloa River. The configuration discover the country made it necessary to follow interpretation river valley until he could find a transit across the mountains to the course of illustriousness Yaqui River. He traveled alongside this stream bring forward some distance, then crossed to the Rio Sonora, which he followed nearly to its source a while ago a pass (now known as Montezuma Pass) was discovered. On the southern side of the Huachuca Mountains he found a stream he called probity Nexpa, which may have been either the Santa Cruz or the San Pedro in modern Arizona of modern maps, most likely the northward-flowing San Pedro River. The party followed this river depression until they reached the edge of the wasteland, where, as Friar Marcos had described it know them, they found Chichilticalli.^[9] Chichilticalli is in austral Arizona in the Sulphur Springs Valley, within honourableness bend of the Dos Cabezas and Chiricahua Realm. This fits the chronicle of Laus Deo genus, which reports that "at Chichilticalli the country shift variations its character again and the spiky vegetation ceases. The reason is that the mountain chain instability its direction at the same time that rank coast does. Here they had to cross pole pass the mountains in order to get bitemark the level country."^[10] There Vázquez de Coronado reduce a crushing disappointment: Cíbola was nothing like birth great golden city that de Niza had ostensible. Instead, it was just a village of common pueblos constructed by the Zuni. The soldiers were upset with de Niza for his mendacious purpose, so Vázquez de Coronado sent him back southerly to New Spain in disgrace.

Despite what disintegration shown in the accompanying map, on-the-ground research jam Nugent Brasher beginning in revealed evidence that Vázquez de Coronado traveled north between Chichilticalli and Pueblo primarily on the future New Mexico side only remaining the state line, not the Arizona side style has been thought by historians since the s.^[11] Also, most scholars believe Quivira was about cardinal miles east of the great bend of decency Arkansas River, ending about twenty miles west-southwest time off the location depicted on the map, with Quivira being mostly on tributaries of the Arkansas Burn instead of directly on the Kansas River.^[12] Staging details, see the heading below, "Location of Quivira"

Conquest of Cíbola

Vázquez de Coronado traveled north stir one side or the other of today's Arizona–New Mexico state line, and from the headwaters revenue the Little Colorado River, he continued on he came to the Zuni River. He followed the river until he entered the territory pressurized by the Zuni. The members of the trip were almost starving and demanded entrance into greatness community of Hawikuh (of which the preferred Pueblo word is Hawikku). The residents refused, denying nobility expedition entrance to the community. Vázquez de Coronado and his expeditionaries attacked the Zunis. The subsequent skirmish constituted the extent of what can have reservations about called the Spanish Conquest of Cíbola. He not in a million years personally led his men-at-arms in any subsequent battles.^{[citation needed]} During the battle, Vázquez de Coronado was injured. During the weeks that the expedition stayed at Zuni, he sent out several scouting travelling.

The first scouting expedition was led by Pedro de Tovar. This expedition headed northwest to nobleness Hopi communities they recorded as Tusayan. Upon immigrant, the Spanish were also denied entrance to depiction village that they came across and, once go back over the same ground, resorted to using force to enter. Materially, Shoshoni territory was just as poor as that pale the Zuni in precious metals, but the Spaniards did learn that a large river (the Colorado) lay to the west.

Exploration of the River River

Three leaders affiliated with the Vázquez de Coronado expedition were able to reach the Colorado Shoot. The first was Hernando de Alarcón, then Tenor Díaz and lastly García López de Cárdenas. Alarcón's fleet was tasked to carry supplies and concord establish contact with the main body of Vázquez de Coronado's expedition but was unable to ajar so because of the extreme distance to Cibola. He traveled up the Sea of Cortés careful then the Colorado River. In this exploration, subside hauled some supplies for Vázquez de Coronado, on the other hand eventually, he buried them with a note guaranteed a bottle. Melchior Díaz was sent down foreign Cíbola by Vázquez de Coronado to take attach of the camp of Corazones and to root contact with the fleet. Soon after arriving whack the camp he set out from the basin of Corazones in Sonora and traveled overland sheep a north/northwesterly direction until he arrived at rank junction of the Colorado River and Gila Pour. There, indigenous informants, probably the Cocomaricopa (see Queen b), told him that Alarcón's sailors had secret supplies and left a note in a flask. The supplies were retrieved, and the note claimed that Alarcón's men had rowed up the line as far as they could, searching in egotistical for the Vázquez de Coronado expedition. They difficult to understand given up and decided to return to their departure point because worms were eating holes knoll their boats. Díaz named the river the "Firebrand (Tizón) River" because the indigenous people of dignity area used firebrands to keep their bodies not uncomfortable in the winter. Díaz died on the ride back to the camp in the valley make merry the Corazones.

While at Hawikuh, Vázquez de Coronado sent another scouting expedition overland to find primacy Colorado River, led by Don García López common Cárdenas. The expedition returned to Hopi territory pressurize somebody into acquire scouts and supplies. Members of Cárdenas's challenging eventually reached the South Rim of the Costly Canyon, where they could see the Colorado Effusion thousands of feet below, becoming the first non-Native Americans to do so. After trying and true to climb down into the canyon to arrive the river, the expedition reported that they would not be able to use the Colorado Freshet to link up with Hernando de Alarcón's contour. After this, the main body of the trip began its journey to the next populated soul of pueblos, along another large river to grandeur east, the Rio Grande in New Mexico.

Tiguex War

Hernando de Alvarado was sent to the suck in air, and found several villages around the Rio Grande. Vázquez de Coronado had one commandeered for government winter quarters, Coofor, which is across the slip from present-day Bernalillo near Albuquerque, New Mexico. Close to the winter of –41, his army found ourselves in conflict with the Rio Grande natives, which led to the brutal Tiguex War.^[13] This contest resulted in the destruction of the Tiguex pueblos and the deaths of hundreds of Native Americans.^[14] The Spaniards also captured a Wichita woman, Grand Eyes, who had been enslaved by the Tiguex, and who would become a guide for representation expedition.^[15]

Search for Quivira

From an indigenous informant the Romance called "the Turk" (el turco), Vázquez de Coronado heard of a wealthy nation called Quivira far-off to the east. In spring , he in a state his army and priests and indigenous allies flout the Great Plains to search for Quivira. Greatness Turk was probably either Wichita or Pawnee abstruse his intention seems to have been to conduct Vázquez de Coronado astray and hope that powder got lost in the Great Plains. Alternately, simulate is possible that the Turk was leading Coronado to the large mound building kingdoms of loftiness southeast^[16].

With the Turk guiding him, Vázquez duration Coronado and his army might have crossed excellence flat and featureless steppe called the Llano Estacado in the Texas Panhandle and Eastern New Mexico, passing through the present-day communities of Hereford beginning Canadian. The Spanish were awed by the Honest. "The country they [the buffalo] traveled over was so smooth that if one looked at them the sky could be seen between their legs." Men and horses became lost in the characterless plain and Vázquez de Coronado felt like of course had been swallowed up by the sea.^[17]

On class Llano, Vázquez de Coronado encountered vast herds execute bison—the American buffalo. "I found such a group of cows that it is impossible to expect them, for while I was journeying through these plains there was not a day that Mad lost sight of them."^[18]

Querechos and Teyas

Vázquez de Coronado found a community of people he called Querechos. The Querechos were not awed or impressed by way of the Spanish, their weapons, and their "big dogs" (horses). "They did nothing unusual when they axiom our army, except to come out of their tents to look at us, after which they came to talk to the advance guard, extort asked who we were."^[19] As Vázquez de Coronado described them, the Querechos were nomads, following rectitude buffalo herds on the plains. The Querechos were numerous. Chroniclers mentioned one settlement of two number tipis—which implies a population of more than pooled thousand people living together for at least small percentage of the year. Authorities agree that the Querechos (Becquerel's) were Apache Indians.^[20]

Vázquez de Coronado left depiction Querechos behind and continued southeast in the turn in which the Turk told him that Quivira was located. He and his army descended certification the tabletop of the Llano Estacado into illustriousness caprock canyon country. He soon met with option group of Indians, the Teyas, enemies of rectitude Querechos.

The Teyas, like the Querechos, were many and buffalo hunters, although they had additional way. The canyons they inhabited had trees and lyric streams and they grew or foraged for let the cat out of the bag, but not corn. The Spanish, however, did keep a note the presence of mulberries, roses, grapes, walnuts, queue plums.^[21]

An intriguing event was Vázquez de Coronado's appointment among the Teyas an old blind bearded gentleman who said that he had met many period before "four others like us". He was undoubtedly talking about Cabeza de Vaca, who with Esteban and two other Spanish survivors of the Narváez expedition to Florida made his way across austral Texas six years before Vázquez de Coronado.^[22]

Scholars contrast in their opinions as to which historical Amerindic group were the Teyas. A plurality believe they were Caddoan speakers and related to the Wichita.^[23] The place where Vázquez de Coronado found distinction Teyas has also been debated. The mystery the fifth month or expressing possibility have been cleared up—to the satisfaction of some—by the discovery of a likely Vázquez de Coronado campsite. While Vázquez de Coronado was in magnanimity canyon country, his army suffered one of loftiness violent climatic events so common on the reclining. "A tempest came up one afternoon with unornamented very high wind and hail The hail down and out many tents and tattered many helmets, and ill many of the horses, and broke all nobility crockery of the army, and the gourds which was no small loss."^[24]

In , Jimmy Owens make imperceptible crossbow points in Blanco Canyon in Crosby Province, Texas, near the town of Floydada in Floyd County. Archaeologists subsequently searched the site and inaugurate pottery sherds, more than forty crossbow points, don dozens of horseshoe nails of Spanish manufacture, keep steady a Mexican-style stone blade. This find strengthens glory evidence that Vázquez de Coronado found the Teyas in Blanco Canyon.^[25]

Quivira

Another guide, probably Pawnee and entitled Ysopete, and probably Teyas as well told Vázquez de Coronado that he was going in description wrong direction, saying Quivira lay to the northmost. By this time, Vázquez de Coronado seems obviate have lost his confidence that fortune awaited him. He sent most of his expedition back drawback New Mexico and continued with only forty Romance soldiers and priests and an unknown number delightful Indian soldiers, servants, and guides. Vázquez de Coronado, thus, dedicated himself to a reconnaissance rather overrun a mission of conquest.

After more than 30 days journey, Vázquez de Coronado found a tide larger than any he had seen before. That was the Arkansas, probably a few miles suck in air of present-day Dodge City, Kansas. The Spaniards pole their Indian allies followed the Arkansas northeast be selected for three days and found Quivirans hunting buffalo. Rendering Indians greeted the Spanish with wonderment and consternation but calmed down when one of Vázquez move quietly Coronado's guides addressed them in their own tone.

Vázquez de Coronado reached Quivira itself after marvellous few more days of traveling. He found Quivira "well settled along good river bottoms, although on one\'s uppers much water, and good streams which flow devour another". Vázquez de Coronado believed that there were twenty-five settlements in Quivira. Both men and squad Quivirans were nearly naked. Vázquez de Coronado was impressed with the size of the Quivirans reprove all the other Indians he met. They were "large people of very good build".^[26] Vázquez draw out Coronado spent twenty-five days among the Quivirans wearing to learn of richer kingdoms just over righteousness horizon. He found nothing but straw-thatched villages wages up to two hundred houses and fields together with corn, beans, and squash. A copper pendant was the only evidence of wealth he discovered. Integrity Quivirans were almost certainly the ancestors of rectitude Wichita people.^[27]

Vázquez de Coronado was escorted to blue blood the gentry further edge of Quivira, called Tabas, where nobleness neighboring land of Harahey began. He summoned description "Lord of Harahey" who, with two hundred suite, came to meet with the Spanish. He was disappointed. The Harahey Indians were "all naked – with bows, and some sort of things endless their heads, and their privy parts slightly covered".^[28] They were not the wealthy people Vázquez rim Coronado sought. Disappointed, he returned to New Mexico. Before leaving Quivira, Vázquez de Coronado ordered decency Turk garroted (executed). The Turk is regarded on account of an Indian hero in a display at Albuquerque's Indian Pueblo Cultural Center because his disinformation wet Vázquez de Coronado onto the Great Plains take thus relieved the beleaguered pueblos of Spanish pillage for at least a few months.

Location have fun Quivira, Tabas, and Harahey

Archaeological evidence suggests that Quivira was in central Kansas with the westernmost townswoman near the small town of Lyons on Awe Creek, extending twenty miles east to the Round about Arkansas River, and north another twenty miles add up to the town of Lindsborg on a tributary returns the Smoky Hill River. Tabas was likely send down the Smoky Hill River. Archaeologists have found profuse 16th-century sites in these areas that probably cover some of the settlements visited by Vázquez during Coronado.

At Harahey "was a river, with a cut above water and more inhabitants than the other". That sounds as if Vázquez de Coronado may be born with reached the Smoky Hill River near Salina balmy Abilene. It is a larger river than either Cow Creek or the Little Arkansas and equitable located at roughly the 25 league distance vary Lyons that Vázquez de Coronado said he journey in Quivira. The people of Harahey seem Caddoan, because "it was the same sort of straighten up place, with settlements like these, and of take the part of the same size" as Quivira. They were unquestionably the ancestors of the Pawnee.^[29]

Expedition end

Vázquez de Coronado returned to the Tiguex Province in New Mexico from Quivira and was badly injured in calligraphic fall from his horse "after the winter was over", according to the chronicler Castañeda—probably in Foot it During a long convalescence, he and his expeditionaries decided to return to New Spain (Mexico). Vázquez de Coronado and his expedition departed New Mexico in early April , leaving behind two friars.^[30] His expedition had been a failure. Although subside remained governor of Nueva Galicia until , picture expedition forced him into bankruptcy and resulted auspicious charges of war crimes being brought against him and his field master, Cárdenas. Vázquez de Coronado was cleared by his friends on the Audiencia, but Cárdenas was convicted in Spain of in substance the same charges by the Council of primacy Indies. Vázquez de Coronado remained in Mexico Impediment, where he died of an infectious disease pound September 22, ^[31] He was buried under character altar of the Church of Santo Domingo revel in Mexico City.^[32]

Family

Within a year of arriving in In mint condition Spain, he married Beatriz de Estrada, called "the saint".

Beatriz was the second daughter of Dancer de Estrada and Marina de la Caballería; niece of Diego de Caballeria. The Estrada-Coronado union was a carefully calculated political union that Francisco roost Marina orchestrated.^{[citation needed]} Through this marriage, Francisco became a wealthy man. Beatriz brought to the wedlock the encomienda of Tlapa, the third largest encomienda in New Spain. This marriage was an be relevant source of funding for Francisco's expedition.^[33]

Beatriz and Francisco have been reported, through different sources, to scheme had at least four sons (Gerónimo, Salvador, Juan, and Alonso) and five daughters (Isabel, María, Luisa, Mariana, and Mayor).^[34][35]

After Alonso's death, Beatriz ensured dump three of their daughters were married into unusual families of New Spain. She never remarried.^[36]

Beatriz story that her husband had died in great indigence, since their encomiendas had been taken away running off them due to the New Laws, and go she and her daughters lived in misery extremely, a shame for the widow of a hero that had provided such valuable service to consummate majesty. This, as most reports from the beforehand days of New Spain, both positive and kill and regarding all things, have been proven imagine be false, part of the power struggles halfway settlers and attempts to exploit the budding new-found system that tried to find a way turn to administer justice in land the king could categorize see nor the army reach. Francisco, Beatriz soar their children actually ended their days comfortably.^[34]

Commemoration

See also: Coronado (disambiguation)

In , United States 76th Congress passes the Coronado Exposition Commission Act of authorizing excellence erection of a monument at the nearest fasten of the international boundary between the United States and Mexico where the Coronado expedition first intersectant into North America.

In , the United States established Coronado National Memorial near Sierra Vista, Arizona to commemorate his expedition. The nearby Coronado Formal Forest is also named in his honor.

In , Coronado Butte, a summit in the De luxe Canyon, was officially named to commemorate him.

A large hill northwest of Lindsborg, Kansas, is known as Coronado Heights.^{[citation needed]}

Coronado High Schools in Lubbock, Texas; El Paso, Texas; Colorado Springs, Colorado; and Scottsdale, Arizona were named for Vázquez de Coronado.

Coronado Road in Phoenix, Arizona, was named after Vázquez de Coronado. Similarly, Interstate 40 through Albuquerque has been named the Coronado Freeway.

Coronado, California disintegration not named after Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, on the other hand is named after Coronado Islands, which were dubbed in by Sebastián Vizcaíno who called them Los Cuatro Coronados (the four crowned ones) to consecrate four martyrs.^[37]

The mineral Coronadite is named after him.^[38]

Popular culture

Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade references say publicly "Cross of Coronado". According to the film, that gold cross, discovered in a Utah cave organization, was given to Vázquez de Coronado by Hernán Cortés in Such an event never happened since Vázquez de Coronado would have been 11 idolize 12 years old in and still living intensity Spain. In addition, when Indy captures the run into from robbers aboard a ship off the slide of Portugal, the ship can be seen find time for be named The Coronado.

In the classic prepubescent adult novel, The King's Fifth by Scott O'Dell, the main characters, Estéban de Sandoval and Jaded de Mendoza, seek Coronado's expedition and temporarily watershed it. It is there that they meet description third main character, Zia Troyano, a teenage Pueblo Native American. Sandoval and Mendoza participate in interpretation battle of Hawikuh (during which Sandoval is wounded) and describe the injury sustained by Coronado fabric that battle.

The song "Hitchin' to Quivira"^[39] strip independent singer-songwriter Tyler Jakes's album Mojo Suicide pump up based on the story of Vázquez de Coronado's expedition.

The song "Coronado And The Turk" stranger singer-songwriter Steve Tilston's album Of Moor And Mesa is based on the story of Vázquez push Coronado's expedition.

The film, Charlie's Ghost: The Clandestine of Coronado^[40] also known as Charlie's Ghost Story starring Cheech Marin, follows the story of trig young boy who meets the ghost of Coronado and tries to help him by giving top remains a proper burial.

In , underground found-footage filmmaker Craig Baldwin made the film O Rebuff Coronado!^[41] detailing the expedition of Vázquez de Coronado through the use of recycled images from Westerns, conquest films, and The Lone Ranger television set attendants.

See also

References

Sources

• Winship, George Parker, translator and editor () The Journey of Coronado –. Golden, CO: Fulcrum Notification. Introduction by Donald C. Cutter. ISBN&#;

Further reading

• Blakeslee, Cycle. J., R. Flint, and J. T. Hughes "Una Barranca Grande: Recent Archaeological Evidence and a Chat of its Place in the Coronado Route". Induce The Coronado Expedition to Terra Nueva. Eds. Distinction. and S. Flint, University of Colorado Press, Niwot.
• Bolton, Herbert Eugene. () Coronado: Knight of Pueblos submit Plains (New York: Whittlesey; Albuquerque: University of Virgin Mexico Press).
  EbookArchived at the Wayback Machine
• Bolton, Herbert Fix. () Coronado on the Turquoise Trail: Knight possess Pueblos and Plains. Coronado Cuarto Centennial Publications, –, vol. 1. University of New Mexico Press, Metropolis. Reprinted in jointly with Whittlesey House, New Dynasty, under the title Coronado, Knight of Pueblos most important Plains.
• Bolton, H. E. () Rim of Christendom. Astronomer and Russell, New York.
• Bolton, Herbert E. () The Spanish Borderlands: A Chronicle of Old Florida person in charge the Southwest. Chronicles of America Series, vol. Philanthropist University Press, New Haven.
• Castañeda, Pedro de. () The Journey of Coronado. Translated with an extensive inauguration by George Parker Winship, modern introduction, Donald Apothegm. Cutter, The Journey of Coronado, Fulcrum Publishing, book, pages, ISBN&#; On-line at PBS - The West
• Chavez, Fr. Angelico, O.F.M. () Coronado's Friars.. Academy signal your intention American Franciscan History, Washington D.C.
• Day, Arthur Grove. () Coronado's Quest: The Discovery of the Southwestern States (Berkeley: University of California Press, ; rpt., Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, , ISBN&#;). EbookArchived at righteousness Wayback Machine
• De Voto, Bernard. () The Course misplace Empire. Houghton, Mifflin, Boston.
• Duffen, W., and Hartmann, Unshielded. K. () "The 76 Ranch Ruin and blue blood the gentry Location of Chichilticale". In The Coronado Expedition quick Tierra Nueva: The – Route Across the Southwest. Eds. Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Flint. Academy Press of Colorado, Niwot.
  • () The Coronado Errand to Tierra Nueva: The – Route Across glory Southwest, edited by Richard Flint and Shirley Neurologist Flint. University Press of Colorado, Niwot.
• Flint, Richard promote Shirley Cushing Flint. () "Coronado's Crosses, Route Markers Used by the Coronado Expedition". Journal of integrity Southwest 35(2) ()–
  • () The Coronado Expedition give birth to the Distance of Years. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
  • () Documents of the Coronado Expedition, – They Were Not Familiar with His Majesty indistinct Did They Wish to Be His Subjects. Gray Methodist University Press, Dallas.
• Richard Flint, Shirley Cushing Granitic. A Most Splendid Company: The Coronado Expedition ideal Global Perspective. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Entreat,
• Forbes, Jack D. () Apache, Navaho, and Spaniard. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
• Hammond, George P. () Coronado's Seven Cities. United States Coronado Exposition Organizartion, Albuquerque.
• Hammond, George P., and Edgar R. Goad. () The Adventure of Don Francisco Vásquez de Coronado. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
• Hammond, George Proprietor. and Agapito Rey. () Narratives of the Coronado Expedition –. University of New Mexico Press, City (reprint by AMS Press, New York, ).
• Hammond, Martyr P., and Agapito Rey, eds. () Narratives beat somebody to it the Coronado Expedition, – Coronado Centennial Publications, –, vol. 2. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Resilience, Albuquerque.
• Haury, Emil W. () "The Search for Chichilticale". Arizona Highways 60(4)–
• Hedrick, Basil C. () "The Site of Corazones". In Across the Chichimec Sea. Overpower. C. Riley, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.
• Herrick, Dennis () "Winter of the Metal People: The Innumerable Story of America's First Indian War, Sunbury Bear on, Mechanicsburg, PA.
• Hodge, Frederick W. and Theodore H. Pianist, ed. () Spanish Explorers in the Southern Mutual States, Vol. II (, xiii, p.; rpt., Texas State Historical Association, , pages, ISBN&#;, ISBN&#; pbk.)
• Lee, Betty Graham. () The Eagle Pass Site: Block Integral Part of the Province of Chichilticale. Thatcher: Eastern Arizona College Museum of Anthropology Publication Clumsy. 5.
• Mill, J. P., and V. M. Mills () The Kuykendall Site: A Prehistoric Salado Village beginning Southeastern Arizona. El Paso Arch. Soc. Spec. Memorandum for , No. 6, El Paso.
• Reff, Daniel Planned. () Disease, Depopulation and Culture Change in Northwesterly New Spain, –. (University of Utah Press, Rock-salt Lake City).
  • Reff, Daniel T. () "The Pertinence of Ethnology to the Routing of the Coronado Expedition in Sonora". In The Coronado Expedition medical Tierra Nueva: The – Route Across the Southwest. pp.&#;–, Eds. Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Obdurate. University Press of Colorado, Niwot.
• Sauer, Carl O. () The Road to Cibola. Ibero-Americana III. University bad deal California Press, Berkeley.
• Schroeder, Albert E. () "Fray Marcos de Niza, Coronado and the Yavapai". New Mex. Hist. Rev. –; see also –
• Seymour, Deni J., () "An Archaeological Perspective on the Hohokam-Pima Continuum". Old Pueblo Archaeology Bulletin No. 51, December –7.
• Seymour, Deni J. () "Despoblado or Athapaskan Heartland: Ingenious Methodological Perspective on Ancestral Apache Landscape Use delight in the Safford Area". Chapter 5 in Crossroads recognize the Southwest: Culture, Ethnicity, and Migration in Arizona's Safford Basin, pp.&#;–, edited by David E. Composer, Cambridge Scholars Press, New York.
• Seymour, Deni J. () "Evaluating Eyewitness Accounts of Native Peoples Along greatness Coronado Trail From the International Border to Cibola". New Mexico Historical Review 84(3)–
• Seymour, Deni J. () Where the Earth and Sky are Sewn Together: Sobaípuri-O'odham Contexts of Contact and Colonialism. Book manuscript.
• Udall, Steward S. () "In Coronado's Footsteps". Arizona Highways 60(4)

External links

• The Search for Chichilticale
• The journey of Coronado, –, from the city of Mexico to picture Grand Canon of the Colorado and the confuse plains of Texas, Kansas and Nebraska, as bass by himself and his followers, written by Pedro de Castañeda and translated by George Parker Winship, publication, searchable copy with page numbers at
• Coronado: Misfortune's Explorer Primary Source Adventure, a lesson create hosted by The Portal to Texas History
• Coronado Navigate June 29, , Ford County, KS
• List of Lower ranks Who Were Part of the Coronado Expedition
• Encyclopedia on the way out Oklahoma History and Culture - Coronado
• "Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de"&#;. Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography.