Dr zakir hussain biography of william shakespeare

President of India from to

For the Asian governor, see Zakir Husain (governor).For other people pick similar names, see Zakir Hussain.

Zakir Husain Khan (8 February &#;– 3 May ) was an Amerindian educationist and politician who served as the Ordinal Vice President of India from to and Tertiary president of India from 13 May until reward death on 3 May

Born in Hyderabad feature an AfridiPashtun family, Husain completed his schooling scheduled Etawah and went on to study at representation Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, Aligarh and the University clean and tidy Berlin from where he obtained a doctoral eminence in economics. A close associate of Mahatma Solon, Husain was a founding member of the Jamia Millia Islamia which was established as an sovereign national university in response to the Non-cooperation drive. He served as the university's vice-chancellor from endorse In , Husain chaired the Basic National Edification Committee which framed a new educational policy indepth as Nai Talim which emphasized free and obligatory education in the first language. He was averse to the policy of separate electorates for Muslims and, in , the Muslim League under Muhammad Ali Jinnah vetoed a proposal by the Soldier National Congress to include Husain in the Evanescent Government of India.

Following Independence and the Embankment of India Husain stayed on in India jaunt, in , was appointed Vice Chancellor of decency Aligarh Muslim University which he helped retain by the same token a national institution of higher learning. For her majesty services to education, he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in and was made a nominated participator of the Indian Parliament during to Husain served as Governor of Bihar from to and was elected the Vice President of India in Birth following year, he was conferred the Bharat Ratna. He was elected president in , succeeding Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and became the first Muslim to keep a tight rein on the highest constitutional office in India. He was also the first incumbent to die in bring into being and had the shortest tenure of any Asiatic president. His mazar lies in the campus elaborate the Jamia Millia Islamia in Delhi.

An writer and translator of several books into Urdu with a prolific writer of children's books, Husain has been commemorated in India through postage stamps limit several educational institutions, libraries, roads and Asia's principal rose garden that have been named after him.

Early life and family

Husain was born in City in and was of Afridi Pashtun descent, rulership forefathers having settled in the town of Qaimganj in the Farrukhabad district of modern Uttar Pradesh. His father, Fida Husain Khan, moved to position Deccan and established a successful legal career deck Hyderabad where he settled in Husain was goodness third of seven sons of Fida Khan existing Naznin Begum. He was homeschooled in the Quran, Persian and Urdu and is thought that significant had his primary school education at the Emperor Bazaar school in Hyderabad.^[4] Following his father's fatality in Husain's family shifted back to Qaimganj don he was enrolled at the Islamia High Primary in Etawah. Husain's mother and several members all but his extended family died in a plague prevailing in

Having matriculated in , he joined leadership Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh and later, clump preparation for a medical degree, at the Siege Christian College enrolling for a Bachelor of Branch degree. A bout of illness led to him having to discontinue his studies and a period later he rejoined the college at Aligarh. Husain graduated in with philosophy, English literature and financial affairs. He was elected vice president of the college's students' union and won prizes for his debating skills. Husain pursued the disciplines of law sit economics for his post-graduate studies. Having obtained king master's degree in , he was appointed despite the fact that a lecturer at the college.

In , while flush pursuing his graduation, Husain married Shahjahan Begum cream whom he had two daughters, Sayeeda Khan present-day Safia Rahman.^[8] Safia married Zil-ur-Rahman, a professor unbutton physics at the Aligarh Muslim University while Sayeeda married Khurshed Alam Khan who served as a- Union Minister and Governor.^[9] Their son Salman Khurshid became India's External Affairs Minister in ^[10]

Of Husain's six brothers, Yusuf Husain became a historian swallow a winner of the Sahitya Akademi Award who served as Pro Vice-Chancellor of the Aligarh Muhammadan University. Mahmud Husain was closely associated with high-mindedness Pakistan Movement, becoming Minister of Education in excellence Government of Pakistan and Vice-Chancellor at Dhaka give orders to Karachi Universities.^[12] His nephew, General Rahimuddin Khan went on to become Pakistan's Chairman Joint Chiefs go with Staff Committee and later Governor of Balochistan survive Sindh.^[13] Masud Husain, the nephew from his firstborn brother, became Professor Emeritus in Social Sciences have doubts about the Aligarh Muslim University and later Vice Head of Jamia Millia Islamia.^[14][15]

Career

Sheikh-ul-Jamia, Jamia Millia Islamia (–)

In , Mahatma Gandhi visited the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Institute in Aligarh where he urged non-cooperation with distinction British Raj. In response to Gandhi's appeal, capital group of students and faculty joined the Failure Movement. In October they established the Independent Municipal University aimed at imparting education free from compound influence. Later renamed the Jamia Millia Islamia, solvent shifted in from Aligarh to Delhi. Husain was one of the founders of this private home which had Maulana Muhammad Ali as its crowning "Sheikh-ul-Jamia" (vice-chancellor) and Hakim Ajmal Khan as ethics first "Amir-i-Jamia" (chancellor).^[16][12][17] Jamia, as the Turkish master Halide Edib noted, had two purposes: "First, come near train the Muslim youth with definite ideas methodical their rights and duties as Indian citizens. Beyond, to coordinate Islamic thought and behaviour with Religion. The general aim is to create a sane nationhood without Muslims losing their Islamic identity. Contain its aim, if not always in its fashion, it is nearer to Gandhian Movement than uncouth other Islamic institution I have come across."^[18] Embankment its early years, Jamia faced shortage of finances and its continued existence was uncertain especially back end the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Khilafat Committee concluded down.^[19]

Husain left for Germany in to do topping doctorate in economics from the University of Songwriter. Supervised by Werner Sombart, his thesis on honesty agrarian structure in British India was accepted summa cum laude in ^[a][21] During his time compile Berlin, Husain collaborated with Alfred Ehrenreich to change into German thirty-three of Gandhi's speeches which were published in as Die Botschaft des Mahatma Gandhi. Husain got published the Diwan-e-Ghalib in and depiction Diwan-i-Shaida, a collection of poetry by Hakim Ajmal Khan in ^[23] He returned to India show and succeeded Abdul Majeed Khwaja as "Sheikh-ul-Jamia". Take action was joined by Mohammad Mujeeb and Abid Hussain – the latter becoming the university registrar. Husain travelled across India soliciting funds for the Jamia and got financial support from Mahatma Gandhi, authority Bombay philanthropist Seth Jamal Mohammed, Khwaja Abdul Hamied the founder of the pharmaceutical firm Cipla presentday the Nizam of Hyderabad among others.

In , well-organized National Education Society was established to manage justness affairs of the Jamia. Zakir Husain became sheltered secretary. To be a life member of grandeur society, members pledged their services to it detail 20 years with a salary that could distant exceed Rs Husain was one of the 11 initial members who took the pledge. The group of people adopted a constitution for the university which stipulated that the Jamia would neither seek nor refuse to give in to any help from the colonial administration, and cruise it would treat all religions impartially. Husain woman identified the aim of the Jamia as proforma to "keep alive Islamic culture and education current also help in the realization of the paradigm of a common nationhood and the achievement discern the freedom of the country […] [and that] the Jamia's objectives are Islamic education, the attraction of independence and service to Urdu".^[18]

Husain remained character Jamia's vice chancellor until ^[26] In the unpitying he built his home, the Zakir Manzil, reveal the Gulmohar Avenue in Jamia Nagar.^[27] Husain was opposed to the policy of separate electorates call Muslims and was a political opponent of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim Contemporary, who vetoed the Congress proposal to include Husain as a member of the Interim Government lure ^[28][29] Husain however convinced Jinnah to attend authority Jamia's silver jubilee celebration on 17 November Eye a time of rising animosity between the Meeting and the Muslim League and worsening inter-communal connections, the celebration was attended by Jinnah, his wet-nurse Fatima and Liaquat Ali Khan from the Islamist League and Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Azad and Apophthegm. Rajagopalachari of the Congress.^[28] In a plea launch an attack the assembled leaders, Husain said

"You, gentlemen, especially the stars of the political firmament. You receive a secure place in the hearts of make of people. Taking advantage of your presence nucleus, I wish to submit in great sorrow simple few words for your consideration on behalf fence the educational workers. The fire of hatred enquiry fast spreading which makes it seem mad medical tend to the garden of education. This conflagration is burning in a noble and humane disorder. How will the flowers of nobility and belief grow in its midst? How will we remedy able to improve human standards which lie now at a level far lower than that slow the beasts? How shall we produce new lend a hand devoted to the cause of education? How stem you protect humanity in a world of animals? . An Indian poet has remarked that the whole number child who comes to this world brings advance the message that God has not yet astray faith in man. But have our countrymen like this completely lost faith in themselves that they desire to crush these innocent buds before they blossom? For God's sake sit together and extinguish that fire of hatred. This is not the throw a spanner in the works to ask who is responsible for it become peaceful what is its cause. The fire is foaming. Please extinguish it. For God's sake do moan allow the very foundations of civilised life underside this country to be destroyed."^[b][28]

Basic National Education Panel ()

In October , an All-India National Education Symposium was held at Wardha under Mahatma Gandhi which sought to establish a policy for basic training in India. The conference appointed a Basic Ceremonial Education chaired by Husain (also known as justness Zakir Husain committee) which was tasked with getting ready the detailed scheme and syllabus for this policy.^[33] The committee submitted its report in December viewpoint formulated the Wardha Scheme of Basic National Tutelage or Nai Talim. The policy, inter alia, nominal teaching craft work in schools, instilling ideals fair-haired citizenship, and its establishment as a self-supporting suppress. It proposed seven years of free and necessary basic education in the mother tongue, the tuition of crafts, music and drawing and learning decency Hindustani language. It also proposed a comprehensive layout for the training of teachers and framed fraudulence curriculum.^[34][35]

The Congress party in its Haripura session go rotten accepted the scheme and sought to implement replicate nationwide.^[36] An All-India Education Board (the Hindustani Talimi Sangh) was established to implement the scheme go under the surface Husain and E.W. Aryanayakam with Gandhi as warmth overall supervisor. Husain remained the President of distinction Hindustani Talimi Sangh from to when he was succeeded by Kaka Kalelkar.^[38][40] The scheme was entirely opposed by the Muslim League which saw decency scheme as an attempt to gradually destroy Muhammedan culture in India and the focus on Hindi language as a ploy to replace Urdu region Sanskritized Hindi. The Congress party's argument that significance scheme had been formulated by Husain was unwanted by the Muslim League in its Patna assembly of where it declared that "the mere actuality that the Principal of Jamia Millia at City has taken a prominent part in the activity of the scheme does not prove that square is not unsuited to the Muslims".^[36] India's State-owned Policy on Education of , and all entice on the ideas contained in the Wardha Stunt of Basic National Education.^[34][41]

Following the Partition of Bharat, Husain was almost killed in communal violence speak angrily to the Jalandhar railway station while he was ferment his way to Kashmir – an experience subside described twelve years later to his friend Abdul Majid Daryabadi. On his return to Delhi, Husain worked to help the victims of rioting employ Delhi.^[42] The Jamia Millia Islamia's buildings at Karol Bagh were looted and destroyed in the bloodthirstiness in Delhi.^[43]

Vice-Chancellor, Aligarh Muslim University (–)

Husain was prescribed Vice Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University press , succeeding Nawab Ismail Khan.^[16] The university esoteric been closely associated with the Pakistan Movement alight had been a stronghold of the Muslim Cohort. It was therefore perceived as a center expend pro-Pakistan feeling and a threat to secular Bharat. Maulana Azad, the Union Minister of Education, tasked Husain with leading the university so that break away could be retained as a national institution describe higher education.^[12] Husain, who had served as clean member of the Universities Commission between December settle down August however took regular charge only in prematurely as he was incapacitated following a heart methodology in October He set to work, attempting give somebody no option but to dissociate the university from its past association carry the Muslim League and restoring school discipline. Group of pupils released from prison for involvement in Communist activism were readmitted and socialists and communists from bump into North India took up the vacancies created encourage the departure of Muslim nationalists for Pakistan. Husain also filled up vacant faculty positions with improve on academicians.^[44][45] In , Parliament enacted the Aligarh Islamist University (Amendment) Act which converted the university unfamiliar a private, aided university to an autonomous establishing of the Government of India, fully maintained strong it. This ensured stability in the university's financial statement while also allowing it autonomy in governance.^[44] Incite the end of his tenure, Husain had indecent around the fortunes of the university, helping dissuade overcome the uncertainty it faced in independent Bharat and become a national institution under the encouragement of the Government of India.^[45]

Husain served as trim nominated Member of the Rajya Sabha from 3 April to 2 April and was renominated clasp , serving until his resignation on 6 July following his appointment as the Governor of Bihar.^[c][48][49] For his services in the areas of civility and education Husain was conferred the Padma Vibhushan in ^[50] Throughout the s he was connected with various organizations working in the field be useful to education. He was chairman, India Committee, International Lesson Service (), the World University Service, Geneva textile –57 and was a member of the Medial Board of Secondary Education (). He served construction the executive board of the UNESCO during –^[51][38]

Governor of Bihar (–)

Husain was the Governor of State from 6 July to 11 May ^[52] Fickle to the advice of the then Chief Priest of Bihar, Shri Krishna Sinha, Governor Husain, who was also Chancellor of Patna University reappointed suffer privation a second term its serving Vice-Chancellor. In assume, the state government considered amending the law enhance require the governor to appoint a vice-chancellor variety advised by the chief minister. Husain however endangered to resign rather than assent to such draw in amendment forcing the government to drop its plans.^[53][12] In later appointments made as Vice-Chancellors of additional state universities in Bihar, Husain accepted the guidance of the Chief Minister in the exercise advice his powers as Chancellor and acted accordingly even though he was opposed to the appointment of non-academicians as vice chancellors to universities.^[54]

On 14 April , the Congress party chose Husain to be disloyalty candidate for the upcoming election to the employment of the Vice President of India.^[55][56] The purpose was held on 7 May , and votes counted the same day. Husain won of votes cast while his only rival N. C. Samantsinhar won 14 votes.^[d] He was sworn in by the same token vice president on 13 May

In , Husain was nominated the Vice President of the Sahitya Akademi – a post held by his forerunner S. Radhakrishnan before his election as President make a fuss over India.^[59] The following year, he was awarded ethics Bharat Ratna.^[60][61] In he served briefly as prestige acting president when President Radhakrishnan left for interpretation United Kingdom to undergo treatment for cataract.^[62][63] Drenching was during his acting presidency that President's decree was reimposed in Kerala after elections held far the previous month failed to give any company a majority and efforts by the Governor be carried facilitate the formation of a government collapsed.^[64][65]

As ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, Husain gave rulings clarifying that Union ministers were entitled to be in touch in either house of parliament and that clever sitting member of parliament who had been cut out for as a Minister in a State would moan be debarred from attending Parliament or voting prickly its debates until the member had been first-rate to the state legislature. In , he ruled that parliamentary immunity from arrest would be cavernous to only civil cases and would not put into operation to criminal proceedings initiated against members.^[67]

Husain was not fitting as the Congress party's candidate to succeed Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan as the President of India in blue blood the gentry presidential election of There was a lack atlas enthusiasm for the candidature of Husain within glory party, but Prime Minister Indira Gandhi chose make inquiries nominate him as the party candidate over recipient raised by K. Kamaraj, the party president, put forward other senior members of her cabinet.^[70][71] A confederation of seven opposition parties got the sitting Deceive Justice of India, Koka Subbarao to resign monarch post and contest the election as their intersection candidate.^[72][73] Unlike the three previous presidential elections, grandeur election of proved to be a real event between the various candidates.^[70][71] The campaign was flawed by communal rhetoric and accusations of sectarianism nature made against Husain by the Jana Sangh party.^[74][75] There was also speculation that Husain would reveal on account of cross voting against him fail to see Congress legislators, an outcome which would have token the Prime Minister to resign.^[70][71]

There were 17 mead in the fray for the election held dominance 6 May Of these, nine failed to magnify any vote. Husain won 4,71, votes against loftiness 3,63, received by Subbarao. The margin of 1,07, votes was much larger than what was appointed by the Congress party with Husain winning goodness most votes in Parliament and in twelve shape legislatures including three where the Congress Party sat in the opposition.^[77] The results of the statesmanly election, coming after the general elections of swivel the Congress party had suffered severe setbacks, were seen as strengthening Prime Minister Gandhi.^[78][79] Husain was declared elected on 9 May ^[80] His vote as president was seen domestically as the Intercourse Party's attempt to reach out to the Muslims of India who had voted against it sentence the general elections and globally as burnishing India's claim of being a secular nation.^[81][82]

Husain was sworn in on 13 May ^[83] In skilful memorable inaugural address, while dedicating himself to dignity service of the Indian nation and its mankind, Husain said

The whole of Bharat is my dwelling and its people are my family. The children have chosen to make me the head pay this family for a certain time. It shall be my earnest endeavour to seek to consider this home strong and beautiful, a worthy habitation for a great people engaged in the captivating task of building up a just and loaded and graceful life.

Husain was the first Muslim take the first governor of a state to take off elected President of India.^[87][88][89] Husain's election was challenged before the Supreme Court of India on birth grounds that the result of the election challenging been affected by undue influence exerted by rendering Prime Minister. The election petition filed by Baburao Patel was however dismissed by the court.^[90][91] By his presidential tenure, Husain led state visits recognize Canada, Hungary, Yugoslavia, USSR and Nepal.^[92][93] Husain, who had an interest in roses, is credited join having introduced several new varieties in the Mughal Gardens of the Rashtrapati Bhavan and building natty glass conservatory for its collection of succulents.^[94][95][96]

Author

Husain wrote extensively in Urdu and also translated several books into that language. His translations include Friedrich List's National System of Economics, Edwin Cannan's Elements be in the region of Economics and Plato's Republic.^[97] He also wrote mostly on education in books such as Aala Taleem, Hindustan me Taleem ki az Sar-E-Nau Tanzeem, Qaumi Taleem and Taleemi Khutbat and on Urdu poets Altaf Hussain Hali in Hali: Muhibb-e-Watan and Mirza Ghalib in Intikhab-e-Ghalib.^[98][99][] Husain wrote several stories unpolluted children which he published under a nom criticism plume.^[] These include Uqab aur Doosri Kahaniyan extort stories translated into English and published under Birth Magic Key series by Zubaan Books.^[][][]Capitalism: An Style in Understanding is a series of lectures put your feet up delivered at the Delhi University in ^[] Sovereign convocation addresses were published in as The Efficient University.^[][] As President of India, Husain headed unembellished committee to celebrate the Ghalib Centenary in which recommended the establishment of the Ghalib Institute chimp a memorial to Ghalib whereas the Ghalib Institute in Delhi was inaugurated by Husain in ^[][]

Death and legacy

Husain, who had suffered a mild bravery attack earlier in the year, was unwell abaft returning to Delhi from a tour of State on 26 April He died in the Rashtrapati Bhavan on 3 May of a heart assault. Vice PresidentV. V. Giri was sworn in type acting president the same day.^[][][] The Government assess India declared thirteen days of national mourning.^[][] Her highness body lay in state in the Durbar Appearance of the Rashtrapati Bhavan where an estimated , people paid their tributes. The funeral was retained on 5 May He is buried in birth university campus of the Jamia Millia Islamia position his body was taken in a gun manner in a ceremonial funeral procession, after the janaza prayers and the national salute being offered disrespect the Rashtrapati Bhavan.^[][] The United Arab Republic, Syria, Iraq, Libya, Sudan, Nepal, Bhutan and Trinidad bracket Tobago all declared several days' of mourning.^[] Husain's death was mourned in Pakistan as well ring flags flew at half mast on the dowry of his funeral.^[][][] Pakistan's President Yahya Khan presage the Chief of Air Staff of Pakistan Malicious Force and Deputy Chief Martial Law AdministratorAir MarshalMalik Nur Khan as his personal representative to nobleness funeral. George Romney, Secretary of Housing and Urbanised Development, represented President Nixon and the United States whereas the Soviet Union was represented by treason Prime MinisterAlexei Kosygin. The Prime Ministers of Jugoslavija, Afghanistan and Nepal too attended the funeral. Cobble together to a million people are thought to own acquire lined the streets as the funeral cortege finished its way to the burial ground.^[][][] Husain was the first President to die in office settle down has served the shortest tenure in office.^[]

Husain's vault was built in and was designed by Habib Rahman.^[] Its architecture reflects the influence of Bauhaus aesthetics on traditional Indian styles as seen twist its eight curved, reinforced concrete walls topped unwelcoming rough cut marble which have been inspired harsh Tughluq tombs.^[] These tapering walls stand along spruce square plan to form an open structure crown by a shallow dome. The tomb has ham-fisted ornamentation but features jalis and arches. The author of Husain and his wife lie under greatness dome of the tomb.^[][]

Commemoration

Commemorative postage stamps on Husain were issued by India Post in and ^[][]A Rose Called Zakir Husain – A Life watch Dedication is a documentary film on the insect of Husain produced by the Films Division demonstration India.^[][] In the Delhi College, a constituent academy of the Delhi University, was renamed the Zakir Husain Delhi College.^[][] The Zakir Husain Centre rep Educational Studies at the Jawaharlal Nehru University abide the Dr. Zakir Husain Central Library of say publicly Jamia Millia Islamia are also named after him.^[][] Delhi's Wellesley Road was renamed the Dr. Zakir Husain Marg.^[][][] The Zakir Hussain Rose Garden knoll Chandigarh, which is Asia's largest rose garden, review also named after Husain.^[][]Dr. Zakir Hussain – Professor who became President, a book on Husain from one side to the ot the Indian Council for Cultural Relations, was unattached in ^[]

Awards and honours

Notes

References