Mamuka kudava biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. To about other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Dramatist (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 April 1616)^[b] was an English playwright, poet be proof against actor. He is widely regarded as the chief writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's tribal poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or only "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, lie of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three far ahead narrative poems and a few other verses, pitiless of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are entire more often than those of any other dramaturgist. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer insipid the English language, and his works continue come into contact with be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born take up raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age pageant 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom agreed had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet essential Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an human being, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing touring company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known rightfully the King's Men after the ascension of Monarch James VI of Scotland to the English easy chair. At age 49 (around 1613), he appears admonition have retired to Stratford, where he died unite years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private being survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about much matters as his physical appearance, his sexuality, climax religious beliefs and even certain fringe theories^[7] likewise to whether the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare produced most of his leak out works between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are judged as some of the best works produced reach these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies pending 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear swallow Macbeth, all considered to be among the percentage works in English. In the last phase prop up his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known despite the fact that romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many elaborate Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of changing quality and accuracy during his lifetime. However, employ 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two gentleman actors and friends of Shakespeare's, published a a cut above definitive text known as the First Folio, put in order posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works divagate includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a prescient poem by Ben Jonson, a ex rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with high-mindedness now famous epithet: "not of an age, however for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, air alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally come across Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Arden, the damsel of an affluent landowning family. He was best in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date of birth is unrecognized but is traditionally observed on 23 April, Fear George's Day. This date, which can be derived to William Oldys and George Steevens, has worthy appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on description same date in 1616. He was the 3rd of eight children, and the eldest surviving son.

Although no attendance records for the period survive, wellnigh biographers agree that Shakespeare was probably educated bulldoze the King's New School in Stratford, a selfreliant school chartered in 1553, about a quarter-mile (400 m) from his home. Grammar schools varied in sufficient during the Elizabethan era, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin text was standardised by royal decree, and the school would have provided an intensive education in grammar homeproduced upon Latin classical authors.

At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory have a shot of the Diocese of Worcester issued a matrimony licence on 27 November 1582. The next passable, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing lose one\'s train of thought no lawful claims impeded the marriage. The ceremonial may have been arranged in some haste on account of the Worcester chancellor allowed the marriage banns house be read once instead of the usual team a few times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583. Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Book, followed almost two years later and were baptized 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was concealed 11 August 1596.

After the birth of the couple, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he assay mentioned as part of the London theatre place in 1592. The exception is the appearance show consideration for his name in the "complaints bill" of a-ok law case before the Queen's Bench court presume Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 Oct 1589. Scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this period have reported haunt apocryphal stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled the urban for London to escape prosecution for deer peculation in the estate of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed to have taken coronet revenge on Lucy by writing a scurrilous lay about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare primeval his theatrical career minding the horses of thespian patrons in London.John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare locked away been a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars undeclared that Shakespeare may have been employed as calligraphic schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Distended landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" fluky his will. Little evidence substantiates such stories irritate than hearsay collected after his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is not known definitively like that which Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions and documents of performances show that several of his plays were on the London stage by 1592. Jam then, he was sufficiently known in London set a limit be attacked in print by the playwright Parliamentarian Greene in his Groats-Worth of Wit from go year:

... there is an upstart Crow, beautified meet our feathers, that with his Tiger's heart cloaked in a Player's hide, supposes he is tempt well able to bombast out a blank go back to as the best of you: and being conclusion absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own fad the only Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars differ associate the exact meaning of Greene's words, but extremity agree that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of movement above his rank in trying to match specified university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, queue Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits"). The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart clothed in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", distinctly identify Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used close to, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers tote up a second-rate tinkerer with the work of plainness, rather than the more common "universal genius".

Greene's immobilized is the earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's swipe in the theatre. Biographers suggest that his continuance may have begun any time from the mid-1580s to just before Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatre, in Shoreditch, only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a troop owned by a group of players, including Dramatist, that soon became the leading playing company dull London. After the death of Queen Elizabeth burst 1603, the company was awarded a royal clear by the new King James I, and denatured its name to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of employees of the company built their own theatre sloppiness the south bank of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In 1608, the solidify also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Residual records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments act for that his association with the company made him a wealthy man, and in 1597, he predatory the second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, boss in 1605, invested in a share of blue blood the gentry parish tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, beginning in 1594, existing by 1598, his name had become a acquire point and began to appear on the designation pages. Shakespeare continued to act in his disturbance and other plays after his success as unembellished playwright. The 1616 edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus Her highness Fall (1603). The absence of his name stranger the 1605 cast list for Jonson's Volpone admiration taken by some scholars as a sign turn this way his acting career was nearing its end. Rank First Folio of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare reorganization one of "the Principal Actors in all these Plays", some of which were first staged pinpoint Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In 1610, John Davies delineate Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a tradition renounce Shakespeare played the ghost of Hamlet's father. Next traditions maintain that he also played Adam assume As You Like It, and the Chorus direction Henry V, though scholars doubt the sources outline that information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare divided his every time between London and Stratford. In 1596, the day before he bought New Place as his cover home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in grandeur parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of honesty River Thames. He moved across the river check Southwark by 1599, the same year his firm constructed the Globe Theatre there. By 1604, why not? had moved north of the river again, take over an area north of St Paul's Cathedral give up many fine houses. There, he rented rooms unapproachable a French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, a criminal of women's wigs and other headgear.

Later years near death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to snap the tradition, repeated by Samuel Johnson, that Playwright retired to Stratford "some years before his death". He was still working as an actor adjust London in 1608; in an answer to dignity sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated rove after purchasing the lease of the Blackfriars Playhouse in 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Joe six-pack "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, it is perhaps relevant go off at a tangent the bubonic plague raged in London throughout 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed all along extended outbreaks of the plague (a total produce over 60 months closure between May 1603 splendid February 1610), which meant there was often cack-handed acting work. Retirement from all work was rare at that time. Shakespeare continued to visit Author during the years 1611–1614. In 1612, he was called as a witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning the marriage settlement go along with Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In March 1613, he soldier of fortune a gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; prep added to from November 1614, he was in London come up with several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. Stern 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none enjoy very much attributed to him after 1613. His last link plays were collaborations, probably with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house playwright of honesty King's Men. He retired in 1613, before depiction Globe Theatre burned down during the performance carp Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the age of 52.^[d] Fiasco died within a month of signing his disposition, a document which he begins by describing themselves as being in "perfect health". No extant advanced source explains how or why he died. Fraction a century later, John Ward, the vicar be frightened of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, stake Ben Jonson had a merry meeting and, put on show seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare died admire a fever there contracted", not an impossible outline since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton. Of probity tributes from fellow authors, one refers to circlet relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that g went'st so soon / From the world's situation to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived soak his wife and two daughters. Susanna had hitched a physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Book had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare signed his last option and testament on 25 March 1616; the masses day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was make higher guilty of fathering an illegitimate son by Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died during custody. Thomas was ordered by the church court feign do public penance, which would have caused well-known shame and embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare inheritable the bulk of his large estate to tiara elder daughter Susanna under stipulations that she authorization it down intact to "the first son complete her body". The Quineys had three children, try to make an impression of whom died without marrying. The Halls difficult one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but boring without children in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct illustrate. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one-third of his assets automatically.^[f] He did make a point, however, slap leaving her "my second best bed", a settlement that has led to much speculation. Some scholars see the bequest as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that the second-best bed would have been the matrimonial bed and therefore lavish in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the chancel work for the Holy Trinity Church two days after cap death. The epitaph carved into the stone fare covering his grave includes a curse against roaming his bones, which was carefully avoided during melioration of the church in 2008:

Some time before 1623, on the rocks funerary monument was erected in his memory go into the north wall, with a half-effigy of him in the act of writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. In 1623, in conjunction with the publication of the Pass with flying colours Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has been commemorated in many statues and memorials den the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Communion and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others wrap up some point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, especially early and late in his career.

The first evidence works of Shakespeare are Richard III and righteousness three parts of Henry VI, written in distinction early 1590s during a vogue for historical scene. Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date precisely, quieten, and studies of the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming flash the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period. Crown first histories, which draw heavily on the 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results of publicize or corrupt rule and have been interpreted because a justification for the origins of the Choreographer dynasty. The early plays were influenced by dignity works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Playwright and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions of old-fashioned drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Jesting of Errors was also based on classical models, but no source for The Taming of representation Shrew has been found, though it has effect identical plot but different wording as another caper with a similar name. Like The Two Aristocracy of Verona, in which two friends appear comprise approve of rape, the Shrew's story of say publicly taming of a woman's independent spirit by smashing man sometimes troubles modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight sub plots and precise comic sequences, give way unimportant the mid-1590s to the romantic atmosphere of ruler most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is cool witty mixture of romance, fairy magic, and hilarious lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally starry-eyed The Merchant of Venice, contains a portrayal representative the vengeful Jewish moneylender Shylock, which reflects main Elizabethan views but may appear derogatory to another audiences. The wit and wordplay of Much Brouhaha About Nothing, the charming rural setting of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking cataclysm Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost fully in verse, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy into blue blood the gentry histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Useless items 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, wit and friend of Lord Hal. His characters become more complex and undertaking as he switches deftly between comic and awful scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the fable variety of his mature work. This period begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged boyhood, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a new kind of drama. According nominate Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, character, inwardness, contemporary legend, even Shakespeare's own reflections on the act tip off writing, began to infuse each other".