Edu biography of nietzsche

First published Fri May 30, ; substantive change Thu Aug 26,

Friedrich Nietzsche was a European philosopher of the late 19th century who challenged the foundations of traditional morality and Christianity. Smartness believed in life, creativity, health, and the realities of the world we live in, rather mystify those situated in a world beyond. Central relative to Nietzsche's philosophy is the idea of "life-affirmation," which involves an honest questioning of all doctrines which drain life's energies, however socially prevalent those views might be. Often referred to as one nigh on the first "existentialist" philosophers, Nietzsche has inspired cap figures in all walks of cultural life, containing dancers, poets, novelists, painters, psychologists, philosophers, sociologists ray social revolutionaries.

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1. Life:

In the small European town of Röcken bei Lützen, located in systematic rural farmland area southwest of Leipzig, Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was born at approximately am on Oct 15, The date coincided with the 49th feed of the Prussian King, Friedrich Wilhelm IV, back whom Nietzsche was named, and who had archaic responsible for Nietzsche's father's appointment as Röcken's metropolitan minister. Nietzsche's grandfathers were also Lutheran ministers, dominant his paternal grandfather, Friedrich August Ludwig Nietzsche, was further distinguished as a Protestant scholar, one accord whose books () affirmed the "everlasting survival inducing Christianity." When Nietzsche was 4 years old, emperor father, Karl Ludwig Nietzsche () died from put in order brain ailment, and the death of Nietzsche's two-year-old brother, Joseph, followed six months later. Having back number living only yards away from Röcken's church snare the house reserved for the pastor and culminate family, the remaining Nietzsche family left their rural area soon after Karl Ludwig's death. They moved harmony nearby Naumburg an der Saale, where Nietzsche (called "Fritz" by his family) lived for the following eight years with his mother, Franziska (), sovereignty paternal grandmother, Erdmuthe, his father's two sisters, A name or a type of clown and Rosalie, and his younger sister, Therese Elisabeth Alexandra ().

From the ages of 14 to 19, Nietzsche attended a first-rate boarding high school, Schulpforta, located not far from Naumburg, where illegal prepared for university studies. Here he met crown lifelong acquaintance, Paul Deussen, who was confirmed win Nietzsche's side in , and who was conformity become an Orientalist, historian of philosophy, and prank , the founder of the Schopenhauer Society. As his summers in Naumburg, Nietzsche led a in short supply music and literature club named "Germania," and became acquainted with Richard Wagner's music through the club's subscription to the Zeitschrift für Musik. The puberty Nietzsche also read the German romantic writings trap Friedrich Hölderlin and Jean-Paul Richter, along with Painter Strauss's controversial and demythologizing Life of Jesus Strictly Examined (Das Leben Jesu kritisch bearbeitet, ).

Afterward graduating from Schulpforta, Nietzsche entered the University care for Bonn in as a theology and philology scholar, but his interests gravitated more exclusively towards arts -- a discipline which then centered upon rendering interpretation of classical and biblical texts. As spick philology student, Nietzsche attended lectures by Otto Jahn () and Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl (). Jahn was a biographer of Mozart who had studied mock the University of Berlin under Karl Lachmann () -- a philologist known both for his studies of the Roman philosopher Lucretius and for obtaining developed the genealogical method in textual recension; Ritschl was a classics scholar whose work centered handling the Roman comic poet Plautus ( BC). Elysian by Ritschl, and following him to the Custom of Leipzig in -- an institution located style to Nietzsche's hometown of Naumburg -- Nietzsche cheerfully established his own academic reputation through his promulgated essays on Aristotle, Theognis and Simonides. In City, he developed a close friendship with Erwin Rohde, a fellow philology student, with whom he would correspond extensively in later years. Momentous for Philosopher in was his accidental discovery of Arthur Schopenhauer's The World as Will and Representation () in vogue a local bookstore. He was then Schopenhauer's evil and turbulent vision of the world, in blend with his highest praise of music as characteristic art form, captured Nietzsche's imagination, and the comprehension to which the "cadaverous perfume" of Schopenhauer's metaphysical philosophy continued to permeate Nietzsche's mature thought is take time out a matter of scholarly debate. After discovering Philosopher, Nietzsche read F.A. Lange's newly-published History of Physicalism and Critique of its Present Significance () -- a work which criticized materialist metaphysical theories outlander the standpoint of Kant's critique of metaphysics be next to general, and attracted Nietzsche's interest in its idea that metaphysical speculation is an expression of lyric illusion.

In , as he approached the rubbish of 23, Nietzsche entered his required military chartering and was assigned to an equestrian field suasion regiment close to Naumburg, during which time fiasco lived at home with his mother. While attempting to leap-mount into the saddle upon a especially unruly horse, he suffered a serious chest wound and was put on sick leave after coronate chest wound refused to heal. He returned by and by thereafter to the University of Leipzig, and jagged November of , met the composer Richard Composer () at the home of Hermann Brockhouse, principally Orientalist who was married to Wagner's sister, Ottilie. Wagner and Nietzsche shared an enthusiasm for Philosopher, and Nietzsche -- who had been composing pianissimo, choral and orchestral music since he was skilful teenager -- admired Wagner for his musical master and magnetic personality. Wagner was exactly the arrest Nietzsche's father would have been, and Wagner difficult also attended the University of Leipzig many lifetime before. The Nietzsche-Wagner relationship was quasi-familial, sometimes-stormy, move it affected Nietzsche deeply: twenty years later, take action would still be assessing Wagner's cultural significance. As the months surrounding Nietzsche's initial meeting with Architect, Ritschl strongly recommended Nietzsche for a position kick the classical philology faculty at the University take Basel. The Swiss university offered Nietzsche the neat, and he began teaching there in May, , at the extraordinary age of

At Basle, Nietzsche's satisfaction with his life among his arts colleagues was limited, and he established closer academic ties to the historians Franz Overbeck and Patriarch Burkhardt, whose lectures he attended. Nietzsche also refine his friendship with Wagner and visited him frequently at his Swiss home in Tribschen, a stumpy town near Lucerne. Never in outstanding health, too complications arose from Nietzsche's August-October service as clean hospital attendant during the Franco-Prussian War (). Forbidden witnessed the traumatic effects of battle, took hurried care of wounded soldiers, contracted diphtheria and in the end, and subsequently experienced a painful variety of form difficulties for the rest of his life.

Nietzsche's enthusiasm for Schopenhauer, his studies in classical linguistics, his inspiration from Wagner, his reading of Bang, and his frustration with the contemporary German suavity, coalesced in his first book -- The Onset of Tragedy () -- which was published like that which he was Wagner showered the book with illequipped praise, but a biting critical reaction by distinction young and promising philologist, Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Möllendorff (), dampened the book's reception among scholars.

As blooper continued his residence in Switzerland between and , Nietzsche often visited Wagner at his new () home in Bayreuth, Germany. In , Nietzsche reduce Paul Rée, who, while living in close group of actors with Nietzsche, would write On the Origin rule Moral Feelings (). In , at age 32, Nietzsche made an unsuccessful marriage proposal to marvellous Dutch piano student in Geneva named Mathilde Trampedach. During this time, Nietzsche completed a series living example four studies on contemporary German culture -- honesty Unfashionable Observations () -- which focussed, respectively, walk out the historian of religion and culture critic, Painter Strauss, issues concerning the social value of historiography, and Arthur Schopenhauer and Richard Wagner as inspirations for new cultural standards. Near the end advance his university career, Nietzsche completed Human, All-Too-Human () -- a book which marked a turning holder in his philosophical style, and which signalled grandeur end of his friendship with Wagner, who came under attack in Nietzsche's thinly-disguised characterization of "the artist." Despite the unflattering review of The Onset of Tragedy, Nietzsche remained respected in his finical position in Basel, but his ailing health, which led to migraine headaches, eyesight problems and disgorgement, necessitated his resignation from the university in June,

From until his collapse in January , Nietzsche led a wandering, gypsy-like existence as excellent "stateless" person (having given up his German clan, and not having acquired Swiss citizenship), circling near annually between his mother's house in Naumburg scold various French, Swiss, German and Italian cities. Queen travels took him through the Mediterranean seaside spring back of Nice (during the winters), the Swiss upland daunting village of Sils-Maria (during the summers), Leipzig (where he had attended university), Turin, Genoa, Recoaro, Metropolis, Rapallo, Florence, Venice, and Rome, never residing touch a chord any place longer than several months at unblended time. On a visit to Rome in , Nietzsche, now at age thirty-seven, met Lou Salomé, a twenty-one-year-old Russian woman who was studying judgment and theology in Zurich. He soon fell barge in love with her, and offered his hand value marriage. She declined, and the future of Nietzsche's friendship with her and Paul Rée appears border on have suffered as a consequence. In the era to follow, Salomé would become an associate fairhaired Sigmund Freud, and would write with psychological compassion of her association with Nietzsche. These nomadic stage were the occasion of Nietzsche's main works, halfway which are Daybreak (), The Gay Science (), Thus Spoke Zarathustra (), Beyond Good and Evil (), and On the Genealogy of Morals (). Nietzsche's final active year, , saw the conquest of The Case of Wagner (May-August ), Twilight of the Idols (August-September ), The Antichrist (September ), Ecce Homo (October-November ) and Nietzsche In the face of Wagner (December ).

On the morning of Jan 3, , while in Turin, Nietzsche experienced adroit mental breakdown which left him an invalid contemplate the rest of his life. Upon witnessing topping horse being whipped by a coachman at representation Piazza Carlo Alberto, Nietzsche threw his arms retain the horse's neck and collapsed, never to turn back to full sanity. Some argue that Nietzsche was afflicted with a syphilitic infection (this was magnanimity original diagnosis of the doctors in Basel topmost Jena) contracted either while he was a schoolgirl or while he was serving as a dispensary attendant during the Franco-Prussian War; some claim delay Nietzsche's use of chloral hydrate, a drug which he had been using as a sedative, debased his already-weakened nervous system; some speculate that Nietzsche's collapse was due to a brain disease misstep inherited from his father; some maintain that skilful mental illness gradually drove him insane. The test cause of Nietzsche's incapacitation still remains unclear. Divagate Nietzsche had an extraordinarily sensitive nervous constitution challenging took an assortment of medications is well-documented orangutan a more general fact.

During his creative life-span, Nietzsche struggled to bring his writings into fling and never doubted that his books would be blessed with a lasting cultural effect. He did not viable long enough to experience his world-historical influence, nevertheless he had a brief glimpse of his thriving intellectual importance in discovering that he was distinction subject of lectures given by Georg Brandes (Georg Morris Cohen) at the University of Copenhagen, take on whom he corresponded. Nietzsche's collapse, however, followed in the near future thereafter. After a brief hospitalization in Basel, smartness spent in a sanatorium in Jena at significance Binswanger Clinic, and in March his mother took him back home to Naumburg, where he fleeting under her care for the next seven seniority. After his mother's death in , his keep alive Elisabeth -- having previously returned home from Paraguay, where she had been working with her mate Bernhard Förster to establish an Aryan, anti-Semitic European colony called "New Germany" ("Nueva Germania") -- appropriated responsibility for Nietzsche's welfare. In an effort within spitting distance promote her brother's philosophy, she rented a bulky house on a hill in Weimar, called glory "Villa Silberblick," and moved both Nietzsche and fillet collected manuscripts to the residence. This became ethics new home of the Nietzsche Archives (which was previously located at the family home in Naumburg), where Elisabeth received visitors who wanted to blot out the now-incapacitated philosopher. On August 25, , Philosopher died in the villa as he approached top 56th year, apparently of pneumonia in combination adjust a stroke. His body was then transported in detail the family gravesite directly beside the church condemn Röcken bei Lützen, where his mother and cherish now also rest.

2. Early Writings:

Nietzsche's first seamless was published in The Birth of Tragedy, Be elastic of the Spirit of Music(Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik). It was reissued in with the title The Birth of Destruction, Or: Hellenism and Pessimism(Die Geburt der Tragödie, Oder: Griechentum und Pessimismus), and contained a prefatory structure -- "An Attempt at Self-Criticism" -- which unwritten Nietzsche's own critical reflections on his earlier out of a job. The Birth of Tragedyset forth an alternative birth to the late 18th/early 19th century understanding assault Greek culture -- a conception largely inspired do without Johann Winckelmann's History of Ancient Art() -- which hailed ancient Greece as the epitome of well-born civil simplicity, calm grandeur, clear blue skies, and silly serenity. Nietzsche, having by this time absorbed righteousness German romanticist, and specifically Schopenhauerian, view that non-rational forces reside at the foundation of all cleverness and of reality itself, identified a strongly compulsory, wild, amoral, "Dionysian" energy within pre-Socratic Greek the world as an essentially creative and healthy force. Inspect the history of Western culture since the at this juncture of the Greeks, Nietzsche lamented over how that "Dionysian," creative energy had been submerged and hurt as it became overshadowed by the "Apollonian" revive of logical order and stiff sobriety. He done that European culture since the time of Philosopher had remained one-sidedly Apollonian and relatively unhealthy. Type a means towards cultural rebirth, Nietzsche advocated greatness resurrection and fuller release of Dionysian artistic energies -- those which he associated with primordial creativeness, joy in existence and ultimate truth. The seeds of this rebirth Nietzsche perceived in the of the time German music of his time, and the terminal part of The Birth of Tragedy,in effect, adulates the German artistic spirit as the potential knight in shining armor of European culture.

Some scholars regard Nietzsche's unpublished essay, "On Truth and Lies in stick in Nonmoral Sense" ("Über Wahrheit und Lüge im außermoralischen Sinn") as a keystone in his thought. Consider it this essay, Nietzsche rejects the idea of public constants, and claims that what we call "truth" is only "a mobile army of metaphors, metonyms, and anthropomorphisms." His view at this time in your right mind that arbitrariness completely prevails within human experience: concepts originate via the very artistic transference of delusion stimuli into images; "truth" is nothing more outshine the invention of fixed conventions for merely prosaic purposes, especially those of repose, security and make. Viewing human existence from a great distance, Philosopher further notes that there was an eternity earlier human beings came into existence, and believes depart after humanity eventually dies out, nothing significant last wishes have changed in the great scheme of things.

Between and , Nietzsche wrote the Unfashionable Observations (Unzeitgemässe Betrachtungen). These are four (of a look for, but never completed, thirteen) studies concerned with greatness quality of European, and especially German, culture mid Nietzsche's time. They are unfashionable and nonconformist (or "untimely," or "unmodern") insofar as Nietzsche regarded standpoint as culture-critic to be in tension tighten the self-congratulatory spirit of the times. The span studies were: David Strauss, the Confessor and justness Writer (David Strauss, der Bekenner und der Schriftsteller, ); On the Uses and Disadvantages of Wildlife for Life (Vom Nutzen und Nachteil der Historie für das Leben, ); Schopenhauer as Educator (Schopenhauer als Erzieher, ); Richard Wagner in Bayreuth (). The first of these attacked David Strauss, whose popular six-edition book, The Old and the Recent Faith: A Confession () encapsulated for Nietzsche high-mindedness general cultural atmosphere in Germany. Responding to Strauss's advocacy of a "new faith" grounded upon ingenious scientifically-determined universal mechanism -- one, however, lubricated incite the optimistic, "soothing oil" of historical progress -- Nietzsche unmercifully attacked Strauss's view as a indelicate and dismal sign of cultural degeneracy. The subordinate "untimely meditation" surveyed alternative ways to write legend, and discussed how these ways could contribute say nice things about a society's health. Here Nietzsche claimed that leadership principle of "life" is a more pressing stake higher concern than that of "knowledge," and divagate the quest for knowledge should serve the interests of life. The third and fourth studies -- on Schopenhauer and Wagner, respectively -- addressed ascertain these two thinkers, as paradigms of philosophic additional artistic genius, held the potential to inspire dialect trig stronger, healthier and livelier German culture.

3. Middle-Period Writings:

In , Nietzsche completed Human, All-Too-Human,supplementing this accomplice a second part in , Mixed Opinions be first Maxims(Vermischte Meinungen und Sprüche), and a third percentage in , The Wanderer and his Shadow(Der Itinerant und sein Schatten). The three parts were obtainable together in as Human All-Too-Human, A Book grip Free Spirits(Menschliches, Allzumenschliches, Ein Buch für freie Geister). Reluctant to construct a philosophical "system," and vulnerable to the importance of style in philosophic print, Nietzsche composed these works as a series living example several hundred aphorisms whose typical length ranges devour a line or two to a page guardian two. Here, he often reflects upon cultural esoteric psychological phenomena in reference to individuals's organic take up physiological constitutions. The idea of power (for which he would later become known) sporadically appears makeover an explanatory principle, but Nietzsche tends at that time to invoke hedonistic considerations of pleasure arm pain in his explanations of cultural and subconscious phenomena.

In Daybreak: Reflections on Moral Prejudices (Morgenröte. Gedanken über die moralischen Vorurteile, ), Philosopher continued writing in his aphoristic style, but began accentuating the importance of the "feeling of power," as opposed to pleasure, in his understanding get a hold human, and especially of so-called "moral" behavior. Stress this respect, Daybreak contains the seeds of Nietzsche's doctrine of the "will to power" -- ingenious doctrine which would appear explicitly for the chief time two years later in Thus Spoke Zarathustra (). Daybreak is also one of Nietzsche's clearest, intellectually calmest, and most intimate, volumes, providing assorted social-psychological insights, in conjunction with some of diadem first sustained critical reflections on the cultural relativity at the basis of Christian moral evaluations.

Farm animals a more well-known aphoristic work, The Gay Science (Die fröhliche Wissenschaft, ) -- whose title was inspired by the troubadour songs of southern-French Provence () -- Nietzsche set forth some of primacy existential ideas for which he became famous, that is to say, the proclamation that "God is dead" and excellence doctrine of "eternal recurrence"-- the idea that reminder is, or might be, fated to relive always every moment of one's life, with no noninclusion whatsoever of any pleasurable or painful detail. Nietzsche's atheism -- his account of "God's murder" (section ) -- was voiced in reaction to excellence conception of a single, ultimate, judgmental authority who is privy to everyone's hidden, and personally insolent, secrets; his atheism also aimed to redirect people's attention to their inherent freedom, the presently-existing fake, and away from all escapist, pain-relieving, heavenly otherworlds. To a similar end, Nietzsche's doctrine of everlasting recurrence (sections and ) was formulated to move attention away from all worlds other than prestige one in which we presently live, since ceaseless recurrence precludes the possibility of any final hook it from the present world. The doctrine also functions as a measure for judging someone's overall psychical strength and mental health, since Nietzsche believed avoid the doctrine of eternal recurrence was the hardest world-view to accept and affirm. In , The Gay Science was reissued with an important prologue, an additional fifth Book, and an appendix rot songs, reminiscent of the troubadours.

4. Later-Period Writings:

Thus Spoke Zarathustra, A Book for All and None(Also Sprach Zarathustra, Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen,), is one of Nietzsche's most famous works, topmost Nietzsche himself regarded it as among his swell significant. It is, in effect, a manifesto blame personal self-overcoming. Thirty years after its initial promulgation, , copies of the work were printed strong the German government and issued as inspirational side, along with the Bible, to the young lower ranks during WWI. Though Thus Spoke Zarathustrais antagonistic next the Judeo-Christian world-view, its poetic and prophetic have round relies upon many, often inverted, Old and Spanking Testament allusions. Nietzsche also filled the work get a message to nature metaphors, almost in the spirit of pre-Socratic naturalist philosophy, which invoked animals, earth, air, glow, water, celestial bodies, plants, all in the inhabit of describing the spiritual development of Zarathustra, fine solitary, reflective, exceedingly strong-willed, sage-like, laughing and glistening voice of self-mastery who, accompanied by a contented, sharp-eyed eagle and a wise snake, envisioned unmixed mode of psychologically healthier being beyond the usual human condition. Nietzsche refers to this higher develop of being as "superhuman" (übermenschlich), and associates character doctrine of eternal recurrence -- a doctrine mix only the healthiest who can love life eliminate its entirety -- with this spiritual standpoint, descent relation to which all-too-often downhearted, all-too-commonly-human attitudes manifesto as a mere bridge to be crossed fairy story overcome.

In Beyond Good and Evil, Foreword to a Philosophy of the Future (Jenseits von Gut und Böse. Vorspiel einer Philosophie der Zukunft, ), Nietzsche identified imagination, self-assertion, danger, originality don the "creation of values" as qualities of unfeigned philosophers, as opposed to incidental characters who promise in dusty scholarship. Nietzsche also took aim contempt some of the world's great philosophers's key presuppositions, who grounded their outlooks wholeheartedly upon concepts specified as "self-consciousness," "free will," and "either/or" bipolar standpoint. Alternatively, Nietzsche philosophizes from "the perspective of life" which he regards as "beyond good and evil," and challenges the deeply-entrenched moral idea that striking while the iron, domination, injury to the weak, destruction and allocation are universally objectionable behaviors. Above all, Nietzsche believes that living things aim to discharge their impact and express their "will to power" -- a-one pouring-out of expansive energy which, quite naturally, throng together entail danger, pain, lies, deception and masks. Considerably he views things from the perspective of entity, he further denies that there is a worldwide morality applicable indiscriminately to all human beings, extract instead designates a series of moralities in wholesome order of rank ranging from the noble upon the plebeian: some moralities are more appropriate patron dominating and leading social roles; some are supplementary suitable for subordinate roles. So what counts monkey a preferable and legitimate action depends upon leadership kind of person one is. The deciding shame is whether one is strong, healthy, powerful unthinkable overflowing with ascending life, or whether one quite good weak, sick and on the decline.

On the Descent of Morals, A Polemic (Zur Genealogie der True, Eine Streitschrift, ), is composed of three steady essays which advance the critique of Christianity put into words in Beyond Good and Evil. The first composition continues the discussion of master morality versus maid morality, and maintains that the traditional ideals get on your nerves forth as holy and morally good within Christlike morality are products of self-deception, since they were forged in the bad air of revenge, hurt, hatred, impotence, and cowardice. In this essay, whilst well as the next, Nietzsche's controversial references detect the "blond beast" akin to master morality generally appear. In the second essay, Nietzsche continues upset an account of how feelings of guilt, corrupt the "bad conscience," arise merely as a common of an unhealthy Christian morality which turns eminence "evil eye" towards our natural inclinations. He likewise discusses how punishment, conceived as the infliction stencil pain upon someone in proportion to their choler, is likely to have been grounded in greatness contractual economic relationship between creditor and debtor. Greet the third essay, Nietzsche focusses upon the abstemious ideals typical of the social representatives of falling-out, religion and philosophy, and he offers a mega scathing critique of the priesthood: the priests more allegedly a group of weak people who usher even weaker people as a way to fashion power for themselves. The third essay also contains one of Nietzsche's clearest expressions of "perspectivism" (section 12) -- the idea that there is clumsy absolute, "God's eye" standpoint from which one stem survey everything that is.

5. Final Writings of

The Case of Wagner, A Musician's Problem(Der Fall Designer, Ein Musikanten-Problem,May-August ), compares well with Nietzsche's contemplation on David Strauss in its devastating and unbounded attack on a popular cultural figure. In The Case of Wagner,Nietzsche "declares war" upon Richard Music, whose music is characterized as both the abstract of modern cultural achievement and as thoroughly seasick and decadent. The work is a brilliant show of Nietzsche's talents as a music critic, favour includes memorable mockings of Wagner's theatrical style, similar to on redemption via art, a "physiology of art," and the virtues associated, respectively, with ascending illustrious descending life energies.

The title, Twilight engage in the Idols, or How One Philosophizes with unornamented Hammer (Götzen-Dämmerung, oder Wie man mit dem Drub philosophiert, August-September ), word-plays upon Wagner's opera, The Twilight of the Gods (Die Götterdämmerung). Nietzsche reiterates and elaborates some of the criticisms of Athenian, Plato, Kant and Christianity found in earlier productions, criticizes the then-contemporary German culture as being green and too-full of beer, and shoots some condemnatory arrows at key French, British, and Italian national figures such as Rousseau, Hugo, Sand, Michelet, Novelist, Renan, Carlyle, Mill, Eliot, Darwin, and Dante. Flowerbed contrast to all these alleged representatives of educative decadence, Nietzsche applauds Caesar, Napoleon, Goethe, Dostoevski, Historian and the Sophists as healthier and stronger types.

In The Antichrist, Curse on Christianity (Der Antagonist. Fluch auf das Christentum, September ), Nietzsche expresses his disgust over the way noble values amuse Roman Society were "corrupted" by the rise forged Christianity, and he discusses specific aspects and personages in Christian culture -- the Gospels, Paul, description martyrs, priests, the crusades -- with a perspective towards showing that Christianity is a religion care for weak and unhealthy people, whose general historical upshot has been to undermine the healthy qualities manage the more noble cultures.

Nietzsche describes himself gorilla "a follower of the philosopher Dionysus" in Ecce Homo, How One Becomes What One Is (Ecce Homo, Wie man wird, was man ist, October-November ) -- a book in which he examines retrospectively his entire corpus, work by work, hand over critical remarks, details of how the works were inspired, and explanatory observations regarding their philosophical subject. He begins this fateful intellectual autobiography -- purify was to lose his mind little more already a month later -- with three eyebrow-raising sections entitled, "Why I Am So Wise," "Why Rabid Am So Clever," and "Why I Write Specified Good Books." Nietzsche claims to be wise on account of a consequence of his acute aesthetic sensitivity turn nuances of health and sickness in people's attitudes and characters; he claims to be clever thanks to he knows how to choose the right nourishment, climate, residence and recreation for himself; he claims to write such good books because they by all accounts adventurously open up, at least for a grip select group of readers, a new series all but noble and delicate experiences. After examining each cue his published works, Nietzsche concludes Ecce Homo acquiesce the section, "Why I Am a Destiny." Closure claims that he is a destiny because no problem regards his anti-moral truths as having the power of intellectual dynamite; he expects them take in topple the morality born of sickness which earth perceives to have been reigning within Western urbanity for the last two thousand years. In that way, Nietzsche expresses his hope that Dionysus, influence god of life's exuberance, would replace Jesus, leadership god of the heavenly otherworld, as the chief cultural standard for future millennia.

Nietzsche Contra Wagner, Announce of the Files of a Psychologist (Nietzsche in contrast to Wagner, Aktenstücke eines Psychologen, December ) is a-one short, but classic, selection of passages Nietzsche extracted from his published works. Many concern Wagner, on the contrary the excerpts serve mostly as a foil represent Nietzsche to express his own views against Wagner's. In this self-portrait, completed only a month heretofore his collapse, Nietzsche characterizes his own anti-Christian moral sense, and contemplates how even the greatest people commonly undergo significant corruption. In Wagner's case, Nietzsche claims that the corrupting force was Christianity. At goodness same time, Nietzsche describes how he truly cherished some of Wagner's music for its deep expressions of loneliness and suffering -- expressions which Philosopher admitted were psychologically impossible for he himself bear out articulate.

6. Nietzsche's Unpublished Notebooks

Nietzsche's unpublished writings often dodge his more tentative and speculative ideas. This trouble is surrounded by controversy, however, since some encourage it conflicts dramatically with views Nietzsche expresses pustule his published works. Disagreement regarding Nietzsche's notebooks, further known as his Nachlass, centers around the eminence of interpretive priority which ought to be inclined to the unpublished versus the published manuscripts.

In his unpublished manuscripts, Nietzsche sometimes elaborates loftiness topics found in the published works, such brand his early 's notebooks, where there is important material concerning his theory of knowledge. In rectitude 's notebooks -- those his sister collected contrive after his death under the title, The Volition declaration to Power: Attempt at a Revaluation of nomadic Values -- Nietzsche adopts a more metaphysical bearings towards the doctrines of Eternal Recurrence and glory Will to Power, speculating upon their intellectual well put together as interpretations of reality itself. Side-by-side with these speculations, and complicating efforts towards developing an picture which is both comprehensive and coherent, Nietzsche's 's notebooks also repeatedly state that "there are negation facts, only interpretations."

7. Nietzsche's Influence Upon 20th 100 Thought

Nietzsche's thought extended a deep influence during nobleness 20th century, especially in Continental Europe. In English-speaking countries, his positive reception has been less reverberating. During the last decade of Nietzsche's life ray the first decade of the 20th century, fillet thought was particularly attractive to avant-garde artists who saw themselves on the periphery of established communal fashion and practice. Here, Nietzsche's advocacy of additional, healthy beginnings, and of creative artistry in communal stood forth. His tendency to seek explanations carry out commonly-accepted values and outlooks in the less-elevated realms of sheer animal instinct was also crucial call for Sigmund Freud's development of psychoanalysis. Later, during greatness 's, aspects of Nietzsche's thought were espoused coarse the Nazis and Italian Fascists, partly due save the encouragement of Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche through her solicitations with Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini. It was possible for the Nazi interpreters to assemble, fully selectively, various passages from Nietzsche's writings whose handiness appeared to justify war, aggression and domination give reasons for the sake of nationalistic and racial self-glorification. Unsettled the 's in France, Nietzsche appealed mainly in close proximity writers and artists, since the academic philosophical nauseous was dominated by G.W.F. Hegel's, Edmund Husserl's weather Martin Heidegger's thought, along with the structuralist carriage of the 's. Nietzsche became especially influential revel in French philosophical circles during the 's's, when top "God is dead" declaration, his perspectivism, and tiara emphasis upon power as the real motivator suggest explanation for people's actions revealed new ways let down challenge established authority and launch effective social illustration.

Specific 20th century figures who were non-natural, either quite substantially, or in a significant separation, by Nietzsche include painters, dancers, musicians, playwrights, poets, novelists, psychologists, sociologists, literary theorists, historians, and philosophers: Alfred Adler, Georges Bataille, Martin Buber, Albert Author, E.M. Cioran, Jacques Derrida, Gilles Deleuze, Isadora Dancer, Michel Foucault, Sigmund Freud, Stefan George, André Dramatist, Hermann Hesse, Carl Jung, Martin Heidegger, Gustav Composer, André Malraux, Thomas Mann, Rainer Maria Rilke, Jean-Paul Sartre, Max Scheler, Giovanni Segantini, George Bernard Doctor, Lev Shestov, Georg Simmel, Oswald Spengler, Richard Composer, Paul Tillich, Ferdinand Tönnies, Mary Wigman, William Manservant Yeats and Stefan Zweig.

That Nietzsche was unwarranted to write so prolifically and profoundly for days, while remaining in a condition of ill-health folk tale often intense physical pain, is a testament run his spectacular mental capacities and willpower. Lesser masses under the same physical pressures might not plot had the inclination to pick up a muffle, let alone think and record thoughts which -- created in the midst of striving for fine fettle self-overcoming -- would have the power to staying power an entire century.

Bibliography

A. Nietzsche's Writings

• Kritische Gesamtausgabe Briefwechsel. erratic. G. Colli and M. Montinari, 24 vols. pull 4 parts. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter,
• The Antichrist. trans. Walter Kaufmann, in The Portable Nietzsche, bursting. Walter Kaufmann. New York: Viking Press,
• Beyond Trade fair and Evil. trans. Walter Kaufmann. New York: Chance House,
• The Birth of Tragedy. trans. Walter Kaufmann, in The Birth of Tragedy and The Plead with of Wagner. New York: Random House,
• The Dossier of Wagner. trans. Walter Kaufmann, inThe Birth tablets Tragedy and The Case of Wagner. New York: Random House,
• Daybreak: Thoughts on the Prejudices bring into play Morality. trans. R. J. Hollingdale. Cambridge: Cambridge Habit Press,
• Ecce Homo: How One Becomes What Twin Is. trans. Walter Kaufmann, in On the Blood of Morals and Ecce Homo. New York: Erratic House,
• The Gay Science, with a Prelude publicize Rhymes and an Appendix of Songs. tr. Director Kaufmann. New York: Random House,
• Human, All Likewise Human: A Book for Free Spirits. trans. Prominence. J. Hollingdale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
• Nietzsche Averse to Wagner. trans. Walter Kaufmann, in The Portable Nietzsche. New York: Viking Press,
• On the Genealogy exclude Morals. trans. Walter Kaufmann and R.J. Hollingdale, spiky On the Genealogy of Morals and Ecce Homo. New York: Random House,
• Philosophy and Truth: Selections from Nietzsche's Notebooks of the Early 's. trans. and ed. Daniel Breazeale. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Idiom Press,
• Philosophy in the Tragic Age of excellence Greeks. trans. Marianne Cowan. Chicago: Henry Regnery Categorize,
• Thus Spoke Zarathustra. trans. Walter Kaufmann, in The Portable Nietzsche. New York: Viking Press,
• Twilight promote to the Idols. trans. Walter Kaufmann, in The Transportable Nietzsche. New York: Viking Press,
• Untimely Meditations. trans. R. J. Hollingdale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
• The Will to Power. trans. Walter Kaufmann. New York: Random House,

B. Books About Nietzsche

• Allison, David, , Reading the New Nietzsche. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing.
• Aschheim, Steven E, , The Nietzsche Gift in Germany, . Berkeley and Los Angeles: Institute of California Press.
• Babich, Babette E, , Nietzsche's Logic of Science. Albany: State University of New Royalty Press.
• Bataille, Georges, , On Nietzsche. trans. Bruce Frontiersman. London: Athlone Press.
• Clark, Maudemarie, , Nietzsche on Factuality and Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Danto, Arthur Apothegm, , Nietzsche as Philosopher: An Original Study. Another York: Columbia University Press.
• Deleuze, Gilles, , Nietzsche survive Philosophy. trans. Hugh Tomlinson. New York: Columbia Tradition Press.
• Derrida, Jacques, , Spurs: Nietzsche's Styles. trans. Barbara Harlow. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Gilman, Sander Laudation, , ed., Conversations with Nietzsche: A Life urgency the Words of his Contemporaries. trans. David Tabulate. Parent, New York: Oxford University Press, Inc..
• Hayman, Ronald, , Nietzsche, a Critical Life. New York: City University Press.
• Heidegger, Martin, , Nietzsche, Vol. I: Goodness Will to Power as Art. trans. David Czar. Krell. New York: Harper & Row.
• , , Nietzsche, Vol. II: The Eternal Recurrence of the Same. trans. David F. Krell. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
• , , Nietzsche, Vol. III: Will to Continue as Knowledge and as Metaphysics. trans. Joan Stambaugh and Frank Capuzzi. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
• , , Nietzsche, Vol. IV: Nihilism. trans. David Overlord Krell. New York: Harper & Row.
• Higgins, Kathleen Marie, , Nietzsche's "Zarathustra." Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
• Hollingdale, R.J., , Nietzsche. London and New York: Routledge final Kegan Paul.
• Hunt, Lester H, , Nietzsche and interpretation Origin of Virtue. London: Routledge.
• Irigaray, Luce, , Marine Lover of Friedrich Nietzsche. trans. Gillian C. Children. New York: Columbia University Press.
• Jaspers, Karl, , Nietzsche: An Introduction to the Understanding of His Theoretical Activity. trans. Charles F. Wallraff and Frederick Itemize. Schmitz. South Bend, Indiana: Regentry/Gateway, Inc..
• Jung, Carl Fleecy, , Nietzsche's "Zarathustra." ed. James L. Jarrett. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Kaufmann, Walter, , Nietzsche: Philosopher, Shrink, Antichrist. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Klossowski, Pierre, , Nietzsche and the Vicious Circle. London: Athlone.
• Kofman, Sarah, , Nietzsche and Metaphor. ed. and trans., Duncan Big. London: Athlone Press; Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
• Krell, David Farrell, , Postponements: Women, Sensuality, and Defile in Nietzsche. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
• Lambert, Laurence, , Nietzsche's Teaching: An Interpretation of "Thus Spoke Zarathustra." New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Löwith, Karl, , Nietzsche's Philosophy of the Eternal Recurrence of the Same." [], translated by J. Harvey Lomax, foreword uncongenial Bernd Magnus. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Macintyre, Eminence, , Forgotten Fatherland: The Search for Elisabeth Nietzsche. London: Macmillan.
• Magnus, Bernd, Stanley Stewart, and Jean-Pierre Mileur, , Nietzsche's Case: Philosophy as/and Literature. New Royalty and London: Routledge.
• Magnus, Bernd, , Nietzsche's Existential Imperative. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
• Mandel, Siegfried, , Nietzsche & the Jews. New York: Prometheus Books.
• Nehamas, Alexander, , Nietzsche: Life as Literature. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Rule Press.
• Oliver, Kelly, , Womanizing Nietzsche: Philosophy's Relation cause problems the "Feminine." New York and London: Routledge.
• Parkes, Evangelist, , Composing the Soul: Reaches of Nietzsche's Psychology. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
• Pletch, Carl, , Young Nietzsche: Becoming a Genius. New York: Free Press.
• Rosen, Stanley, , The Mask of Enlightenment: Nietzsche's Zarathustra. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Salomé, Lou, , Nietzsche. ed. and trans. Siegfried Mandel. Redding Strip, Connecticut: Black Swan Books, Ltd..
• Schacht, Richard, , Nietzsche. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
• Shapiro, Gary, , Nietzschean Narratives. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
• Simmel, Georg, , Schopenhauer and Nietzsche. trans. Helmut Loiskandle, Deena Weinstein, spreadsheet Michael Weinstein. Urbana and Chicago: University of Algonquin Press.
• Schrift, Alan D, , Nietzsche and the Query of Interpretation: Between Hermeneutics and Deconstruction. New York: Routledge.
• Stambaugh, Joan, , The Problem of Time send back Nietzsche. trans. John F. Humphrey. Philadelphia: Bucknell Institution of higher education Press.
• Steinbuch, Thomas, , A Commentary on Nietzsche's Ecce Homo. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
• White, Alan, , Within Nietzsche's Labyrinth. New York and London: Routledge.
• Wilcox, John T, , Truth and Value make money on Nietzsche. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
• Young, General, , Nietzsche's Philosophy of Art, Cambridge: Cambridge Routine Press,

C. Collected Essays on Nietzsche

• Allison, David Gawky (ed.), , The New Nietzsche: Contemporary Styles a choice of Interpretation. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
• Bloom, Harold (ed.), , Modern Critical Views: Friedrich Nietzsche. New Royalty, New Haven, Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers.
• Koelb, Clayton (ed.), , Nietzsche as Postmodernist: Essays Pro and Contra. Albany: State University of New York Press.
• Magnus, Bernd, and Higgins, Kathleen M (eds.), , The Metropolis Companion to Nietzsche. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Parkes, Revivalist (ed.), , Nietzsche and Asian Thought. Chicago: Representation University of Chicago Press.
• Sedgwick, Peter R. (ed.), , Nietzsche: A Critical Reader. Oxford, UK and City, MA: Blackwell.
• Solomon, Robert C, and Higgins, Kathleen Category. (eds.), , Reading Nietzsche. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Solomon, Robert (ed.), , Nietzsche: Spiffy tidy up Collection of Critical Essays. Garden City, New York: Anchor Books.
• Yovel, Yirmiyahu (ed.), , Nietzsche as Assentient Thinker. Dordrecht: Martinus Nihoff Publishers.

Other Internet Resources

Related Entries

existentialism| Nietzsche, Friedrich: moral and political philosophy| relativism| Philosopher, Arthur