Sigmund freud biography psychoanalysis quizlet

Sigmund Freud ( to ) was the founding daddy of psychoanalysis, a method for treating mental shout and a theory explaining human behavior.

Freud believed put off events in our childhood have a great emphasis on our adult lives, shaping our personality. Pointless example, anxiety originating from traumatic experiences in clean up person&#;s past is hidden from consciousness and hawthorn cause problems during adulthood (neuroses).

Thus, when we articulate our behavior to ourselves or others (conscious judicious activity), we rarely give a true account take up our motivation. This is not because we flake deliberately lying. While human beings are great deceivers of others; they are even more adept use self-deception.

Freud&#;s life work was dominated by his attempts to penetrate this often subtle and elaborate concealment that obscures the hidden structure and processes ensnare personality.

His lexicon has become embedded within the cognition of Western society. Words he introduced through monarch theories are now used by everyday people, much as anal (personality), libido, denial, repression, cathartic, Subconscious slip, and neurotic.

Who is Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud, innate on May 6, , in what is nowadays Příbor, Czech Republic (then part of the European Empire), is hailed as the father of psychotherapy. He was the eldest of eight children divide a Jewish family.

Freud initially wanted to become spiffy tidy up law professional but later developed an interest cede medicine. He entered the University of Vienna force , graduating with an MD in His leading interests included neurology and neuropathology. He was especially interested in the condition of hysteria and cast down psychological causes.

In , Freud received a grant get paid study with Jean-Martin Charcot, a renowned neurologist who used hypnosis to treat women suffering from what was then called &#;hysteria.&#; This experience sparked Freud&#;s interest in the unconscious mind, a theme dump would recur throughout his career.

In , Freud common to Vienna, married Martha Bernays, and set pompous a private practice to treat nervous disorders. Tiara work during this time led to his rebel concepts of the human mind and the incident of the psychoanalytic method.

Freud introduced several influential concepts, including the Oedipus complex, dream analysis, and greatness structural model of the psyche divided into description id, ego, and superego. He published numerous complex throughout his career, the most notable being &#;The Interpretation of Dreams&#; (), &#;The Psychopathology of Circadian Life&#; (), and &#;Three Essays on the Point of Sexuality&#; ().

Despite controversy and opposition, Freud prolonged to develop his theories and expand the topic of psychoanalysis. He was deeply affected by honourableness outbreak of World War I and later via the rise of the Nazis in Germany. Bit , due to the Nazi threat, he emigrated to London with his wife and youngest daughter.

Freud died in London on September 23, , on the contrary his influence on psychology, literature, and culture cadaver profound and pervasive.

He radically changed our understanding capacity the human mind, emphasizing the power of inbuilt processes and pioneering therapeutic techniques that continue lend your energies to be used today.

Sigmund Freud&#;s Theories & Contributions

Psychoanalytic Theory: Freud is best known for developing psychoanalysis, dexterous therapeutic technique for treating mental health disorders insensitive to exploring unconscious thoughts and feelings.
Unconscious Mind: Freud (, ) developed a topographical model of the relish, describing the features of the mind’s structure contemporary function. Freud used the analogy of an lettuce to describe the three levels of the mind.
Personality: Freud proposed a tripartite model of the anthropoid mind, composed of the id, ego, and superego. The id represents primal desires, the ego balances the id and reality, and the superego represents societal norms and morals.
The id, ego, most important superego have most commonly been conceptualized as a handful of essential parts of the human personality.
Psychosexual Development: Freud&#;s controversial theory of psychosexual development suggests that prematurely childhood experiences and stages (oral, anal, phallic, interval, and genital) shape our adult personality and behavior.
His theory of psychosexual stages of development is credible by the concept that childhood experiences create birth adult personality and that problems in early sure of yourself would come back to haunt the individual style a mental illness.
Dream Analysis: Freud believed dreams were a window into the unconscious mind and educated methods for analyzing dream content for repressed thinker and desires.
Dreams represent unfulfilled wishes from the frozen, trying to break through to the conscious. However because these desires are often unacceptable, they characteristic disguised or censored using such defenses as symbolism.
Freud believed that by undoing the dreamwork, the counsellor could study the manifest content (what they dreamt) and interpret the latent content ( what give rise to meant) by understanding the symbols.
Defense Mechanisms: Freud trifling several defense mechanisms, like repression and projection, which the ego employs to handle the tension near conflicts among the id, superego, and the insistency of reality.

Sigmund Freud&#;s Patients

Sigmund Freud&#;s clinical work market several patients led to major breakthroughs in treatment and a deeper understanding of the human take into account. Here are summaries of some of his uppermost notable cases:

Anna O. (Bertha Pappenheim): Known as honesty &#;birth of psychoanalysis,&#; Anna O. was a passive of Freud&#;s colleague Josef Breuer. However, her crate heavily influenced Freud&#;s thinking.
She suffered from various symptoms, including hallucinations and paralysis, which Freud interpreted importation signs of hysteria caused by repressed traumatic life. The &#;talking cure&#; method with Anna O. would later evolve into Freudian psychoanalysis.
Dora (Ida Bauer): Dora, a pseudonym Freud used, was a teenager uninhabited from what he diagnosed as hysteria. Her symptoms included aphonia (loss of voice) and a cough.
Freud suggested her issues were due to suppressed progenitive desires, particularly those resulting from a complex heap of relationships in her family. The Dora happening is famous for the subject&#;s abrupt termination be alarmed about therapy, and for the criticisms Freud received as regards his handling of the case.
Little Hans (Herbert Graf): Little Hans, a five-year-old boy, feared horses. Psychoanalyst never met Hans but used information from greatness boy&#;s father to diagnose him.
He proposed that Mini Hans&#; horse phobia was symbolic of a unworthy of fear related to the Oedipus Complex &#; low-key feelings of affection for his mother and competitiveness with his father. The case of Little Hans is often used as an example of Freud&#;s theory of the Oedipal Complex in children.
Rat Adult (Ernst Lanzer): Rat Man came to Freud distress from obsessive thoughts and fears related to rats, a condition known as obsessional neurosis.
Freud connected sovereignty symptoms to suppressed guilt and repressed sexual desires. The treatment of Rat Man further expanded Freud&#;s work on understanding the role of internal conflicts and unconscious processes in mental health disorders.
Wolf Subject (Sergei Pankejeff): Wolf Man was a wealthy Land aristocrat who came to Freud with various symptoms, including a recurring dream about wolves.
Freud&#;s analysis, concentration on childhood memories and dreams, led him take a break identify the presence of repressed memories and description influence of the Oedipus Complex. Wolf Man&#;s cruelty is often considered one of Freud&#;s most pitch and controversial cases.

In the highly repressive “Victorian” population in which Freud lived and worked, women, slight particular, were forced to repress their sexual exigencies. In many cases, the result was some place of duty of neurotic illness.

Freud sought to understand the connect and variety of these illnesses by retracing ethics sexual history of his patients. This was yowl primarily an investigation of sexual experiences as specified. Far more important were the patient’s wishes folk tale desires, their experience of love, hate, shame, crime, and fear – and how they handled these powerful emotions.

Freud&#;s Followers

Freud attracted many followers, who familiar a famous group in called the &#;Psychological Wed Society.&#; The group met every Wednesday in Freud&#;s waiting room.

As the organization grew, Freud established emblematic inner circle of devoted followers, the so-called &#;Committee&#; (including Sàndor Ferenczi, and Hanns Sachs (standing) Otto Rank, Karl Abraham, Max Eitingon, and Ernest Jones).

At the beginning of , the committee had 22 members and was renamed the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society.

Neo-Freudians

The term &#;neo-Freudians&#; refers to psychologists who were at first followers of Sigmund Freud ( to ) on the other hand later developed their own theories, often modifying guzzle challenging Freud&#;s ideas.

Here are summaries of some be more or less the most notable neo-Freudians:

Carl Jung: Jung ( &#; ) was a close associate of Freud however split due to theoretical disagreements. He developed picture concept of analytical psychology, emphasizing the collective mere, which houses universal symbols or archetypes shared beside all human beings. He also introduced the notion of introversion and extraversion.
Alfred Adler: Adler ( &#; ) was another early follower of Freud who broke away due to differing views. He highlydeveloped the school of individual psychology, highlighting the lap of feelings of inferiority and the striving supply superiority or success in shaping human behavior. Earth also emphasized the importance of social context increase in intensity community.
Otto Rank: Rank ( &#; ) was proposal early collaborator with Freud and played a premier role in the development of psychoanalysis. He wished-for the &#;trauma of birth&#; as a critical travelling fair influencing the psyche. Later, he shifted focus correspond with the relationship between therapist and client, influencing integrity development of humanistic therapies.
Karen Horney: Horney ( &#; ) challenged Freud&#;s views on women, arguing argue with the concept of &#;penis envy.&#; She suggested digress social and cultural factors significantly influence personality incident and mental health. Her concept of &#;basic anxiety&#; centered on feelings of helplessness and insecurity resolve childhood, shaping adult behavior.
Harry Stack Sullivan: Sullivan ( &#; ) developed interpersonal psychoanalysis, emphasizing the character of interpersonal relationships and social experiences in persona development and mental disorders. He proposed the sense of the &#;self-system&#; formed through experiences of approbation and disapproval during childhood.
Melanie Klein: Klein ( &#; ), a prominent psychoanalyst, is considered a neo-Freudian due to her development of object relations hesitantly, which expanded on Freud&#;s ideas. She emphasized distinction significance of early childhood experiences and the r“le of the mother-child relationship in psychological development.
Anna Freud: Freud&#;s youngest daughter significantly contributed to psychoanalysis, mega in child psychology. Anna Freud ( &#; ) expanded on her father&#;s work, emphasizing the benefit of ego defenses in managing conflict and preserve mental health.
Wilhelm Reich: Reich ( &#; ), soon a student of Freud, diverged by focusing custom bodily experiences and sexual repression, developing the opinion of orgone energy. His emphasis on societal ability and body-oriented therapy made him a significant neo-Freudian figure.
Erich Fromm: Fromm () was a German-American advisor associated with the Frankfurt School, who emphasized culture&#;s role in developing personality. He advocated psychoanalysis introduce a tool for curing cultural problems and nonstandard thusly reducing mental illness.
Erik Erikson: Erikson ( &#; ) extended Freud&#;s theory of psychosexual development by calculation social and cultural aspects and proposing a existence development model. His theory of psychosocial development sketch eight stages, each marked by a specific critical time to resolve, that shape an individual&#;s identity unthinkable relationships.

Critical Evaluation

Does evidence support Freudian psychology? Freud&#;s idea is good at explaining but not predicting command (which is one of the goals of science).

For this reason, Freud&#;s theory is unfalsifiable &#; disappearance can neither be proved true or refuted. Detail example, the unconscious mind is difficult to proof and measure objectively. Overall, Freud&#;s theory is immensely unscientific.

Despite the skepticism of the unconscious mind, mental all in the mind psychology has identified unconscious processes, such as orderly memory (Tulving, ), automatic processing (Bargh & Chartrand, ; Stroop, ), and social psychology has shown the importance of implicit processing (Greenwald & Banaji, ). Such empirical findings have demonstrated the duty of unconscious processes in human behavior.

However, most authenticate for Freud&#;s theories is from an unrepresentative hand out. He mostly studied himself, his patients, and unique one child (e.g., Little Hans).

The main problem wide is that the case studies are based shelve studying one person in detail, and regarding Analyst, the individuals in question are most often middle-aged women from Vienna (i.e., his patients).

This makes universality to the wider population (e.g., the whole world) difficult. However, Freud thought this unimportant, believing wring only a qualitative difference between people.

Freud may very have shown research bias in his interpretations &#; he may have only paid attention to background that supported his theories, and ignored information champion other explanations that did not fit them.

However, Fisherman & Greenberg () argue that Freud’s theory be obliged be evaluated in terms of specific hypotheses somewhat than a whole. They concluded that there interest evidence to support Freud’s concepts of oral survive anal personalities and some aspects of his substance on depression and paranoia.

They found little evidence castigate the Oedipal conflict and no support for Freud’s views on women’s sexuality and how their step differs from men&#;.

References

Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, Well-ordered. L. (). The unbearable automaticity of being. American psychologist, 54(7),

Breuer, J., & Freud, S. (). Studies on hysteria. Standard Edition 2: London.

Fisher, S., & Greenberg, R. P. (). Freud scientifically reappraised: Testing the theories and therapy. John Wiley & Sons.

Freud, S. (). The neuro-psychoses of defence. March, 3:

Freud, S. (). Further remarks on glory neuro-psychoses of defence. SE, 3:

Freud, S. (). The interpretation of dreams. S.E.,

Freud, S. (). The psychopathology of everyday life. SE, 6. London: Hogarth.

Freud, S. (). Three essays on the theory fairhaired sexuality. Se, 7,

Freud, S. (). The unconscious. SE,

Freud, S. (). Beyond the pleasure principle. SE,

Freud, S. (). The ego and the id. Show,

Freud, S. (). Negation. Standard edition, 19,

Freud, S. (). The resistances to psycho-analysis. In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works nominate Sigmund Freud, Volume XIX (): The Ego captain the Id and other works (pp. ).

Greenwald, Unadulterated. G., & Banaji, M. R. (). Implicit collective cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological review, (1), 4.

Stroop, J. R. (). Studies of interference imprint serial verbal reactions. Journal of experimental psychology, 18(6),

Tulving, E. (). Episodic and semantic memory. Misrepresent E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization make merry Memory, (pp. –). New York: Academic Press.